Nokea
In a patient with sodium imbalances, the primary clinical manifestations are related to alterations in what body system?
- A. Kidneys
- B. Cardiovascular system
- C. Musculoskeletal system
- D. Central nervous system
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sodium imbalances primarily affect the central nervous system because sodium plays a critical role in maintaining normal neuronal function and osmotic balance in brain cells.
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What distinguishes Type V hypersensitivity from Type II?
- A. It is mediated by T cells
- B. Antibodies stimulate receptors instead of destroying them
- C. It involves immune complex formation
- D. It does not involve the immune system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Type V hypersensitivity involves antibodies stimulating receptors instead of destroying them. In Type II hypersensitivity, antibodies target antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell destruction. In Type V, antibodies bind to cell receptors, causing abnormal receptor activation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because Type V hypersensitivity is not mediated by T cells (A), does not involve immune complex formation (C), and does involve the immune system (D). Therefore, the unique characteristic of Type V hypersensitivity is the stimulation of receptors by antibodies, making choice B the correct answer.
Which type of cancer is most commonly associated with exposure to asbestos?
- A. Lung cancer
- B. Leukemia
- C. Breast cancer
- D. Prostate cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Asbestos exposure is strongly linked to lung cancer, particularly mesothelioma.
Why is plasmapheresis indicated in the treatment of autoimmune disorders?
- A. Obtain plasma for analysis and evaluation of specific autoantibodies
- B. Decrease high lymphocyte levels in the blood to prevent immune responses
- C. Remove autoantibodies, antigen-antibody complexes, and inflammatory mediators of immune reactions
- D. Add monocytes to the blood to promote removal of immune complexes by the mononuclear phagocyte system
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Plasmapheresis removes harmful autoantibodies, immune complexes, and inflammatory mediators from the bloodstream.
What is characteristic of chronic inflammation?
- A. It may last 2 to 3 weeks.
- B. The injurious agent persists or repeatedly injures tissue.
- C. Infective endocarditis is an example of chronic inflammation.
- D. Neutrophils are the predominant cell type at the site of inflammation.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation occurs when the cause of the initial injury persists or recurs, leading to ongoing tissue damage and repair. Unlike acute inflammation, it involves lymphocytes and macrophages rather than neutrophils.
Vertebrate eyes are Single-lens eyes with
- A. Light is focused by the curved cornea and lens
- B. Changing the shape of the lens focuses near and far
- C. Photoreceptor cells in the retina detect light
- D. All above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because vertebrate eyes have single-lens eyes where light is focused by the curved cornea and lens (A), and changing the shape of the lens allows for focusing at different distances (B). Additionally, photoreceptor cells in the retina detect light (C). Therefore, all of the above statements are true, making D the correct choice. Choice A is incorrect because it does not encompass the entire process of vision in vertebrate eyes, missing the role of changing the lens shape. Choice B is incorrect as it only addresses the lens shape without mentioning the role of the cornea in focusing light. Choice C is incorrect as it only focuses on the function of photoreceptor cells in the retina without considering the lens and cornea's role in focusing light.