Nokea
A patient with diarrhea has been diagnosed with Clostridium difficile. Along with standard precautions, which kind of transmission-based precautions will be used when the nurse is caring for this patient?
- A. Droplet precautions
- B. Contact precautions
- C. Isolation precautions
- D. Airborne precautions
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Clostridium difficile spreads through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or hands. Therefore, contact precautions are necessary to prevent its transmission.
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What was Edward Jenner's major contribution to immunology?
- A. Discovering antibodies
- B. Proposing innate immunity theory
- C. Developing the smallpox vaccine
- D. Discovering the germ theory of disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Edward Jenner's major contribution to immunology was developing the smallpox vaccine. He introduced the concept of vaccination by using cowpox to protect against smallpox. This marked the beginning of modern immunization. Discovering antibodies (A) and proposing innate immunity theory (B) were not directly attributed to Jenner. Discovering the germ theory of disease (D) was later proposed by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, not Jenner. Overall, choice C is correct as it aligns with Jenner's groundbreaking work in immunization.
Plaques are:
- A. clear areas in a lawn of cultured cells caused by virus infection.
- B. stained areas in a cell culture indicating cells infected by a virus.
- C. virus colonies on agar.
- D. bacterial colonies on agar.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Plaques are clear areas caused by virus infection in a lawn of cultured cells. This is because viruses infect cells, causing cell death and lysis, which results in clear areas. Choice B is incorrect because stained areas are not typically associated with plaques. Choices C and D are also incorrect as they refer to virus and bacterial colonies, respectively, not plaques.
Find the unmatched pair with respect to immune function:
- A. Interferons: protection from viral infections
- B. ROS: killing of engulfed pathogens
- C. Mast cells: acute phase response
- D. Selectins: role in leukocyte extravasation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mast cells: acute phase response. Mast cells are actually involved in allergic responses, not the acute phase response of the immune system. The acute phase response is primarily mediated by cytokines and acute-phase proteins. Interferons protect against viral infections, ROS help kill pathogens inside cells, and selectins aid in leukocyte extravasation during inflammation.
Which of the following is a major site of immune complex deposition in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
- A. Thyroid
- B. Glomerular basement membrane
- C. Peripheral nerves
- D. Mast cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glomerular basement membrane. In SLE, immune complexes deposit in various tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. The glomerular basement membrane is a common site for immune complex deposition in SLE, resulting in lupus nephritis. The other choices are incorrect because immune complex deposition does not typically occur in the thyroid, peripheral nerves, or mast cells in SLE. Thyroid involvement in SLE is more related to autoimmune thyroiditis, while peripheral nerves are not a major site for immune complex deposition in this condition. Mast cells are primarily involved in allergic reactions and are not a major target in SLE.
What cytokine is produced by Regulatory T cells to suppress immune responses?
- A. IL-2
- B. IL-10
- C. IFN-gamma
- D. TNF-alpha
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IL-10. Regulatory T cells produce IL-10 to suppress immune responses by inhibiting the activation and function of other immune cells. IL-2 (A) is mainly produced by activated T cells to promote proliferation. IFN-gamma (C) is produced by T cells and NK cells to enhance immune response. TNF-alpha (D) is produced by macrophages and T cells to induce inflammation. IL-10 stands out as the suppressor cytokine in this context.