Nokea
The nurse has contributed to an educational program for staff members. Which statement made by a staff member indicates a correct understanding of how passive immunity is provided?
- A. Having an acute disease.
- B. Administration of a toxoid.
- C. Administration of a vaccine.
- D. Administration of immunoglobulin.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, administration of immunoglobulin, for passive immunity. Immunoglobulin contains pre-formed antibodies that provide immediate protection against specific pathogens. Administering immunoglobulin transfers these antibodies to the recipient, offering temporary immunity. Choice A, having an acute disease, does not involve receiving external antibodies. Choice B, administration of a toxoid, induces active immunity against toxins, not passive immunity. Choice C, administration of a vaccine, stimulates active immunity by triggering the body to produce its antibodies, not providing immediate protection like passive immunity with immunoglobulin.
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The membrane of gas vesicles is composed of:
- A. triglycerides
- B. phospholipids
- C. proteins
- D. lipopolysaccharide
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: proteins. Gas vesicles are gas-filled structures found in certain bacteria and archaea to provide buoyancy. The membrane of gas vesicles is predominantly composed of proteins that form a semi-permeable barrier to trap gas. Proteins are essential for the structure and function of gas vesicles. Triglycerides (A) are not typically found in membrane structures, phospholipids (B) are more common in cell membranes, and lipopolysaccharides (D) are typically found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, not in gas vesicle membranes.
PRRs able to activate NFκB include
- A. TLR4
- B. NOD1
- C. NLRP3
- D. Both A and B
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because both TLR4 and NOD1 are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can activate the NF-κB pathway. TLR4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharides, while NOD1 detects bacterial peptidoglycan fragments. NLRP3, choice C, is an inflammasome receptor that activates caspase-1, not NF-κB. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly activate NF-κB like TLR4 and NOD1.
What type of immunity is provided by T lymphocytes?
- A. Humoral immunity
- B. Cell-mediated immunity
- C. Passive immunity
- D. Innate immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cell-mediated immunity. T lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in cell-mediated immunity by directly attacking infected cells and coordinating the immune response. This type of immunity is essential for fighting intracellular pathogens such as viruses and certain bacteria.
A: Humoral immunity is mediated by B cells and involves the production of antibodies to neutralize pathogens. T lymphocytes do not directly participate in humoral immunity.
C: Passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, providing immediate protection. T lymphocytes are not involved in passive immunity.
D: Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens and does not involve T lymphocytes, which are part of the adaptive immune response.
Some top-selling drugs that are currently prescribed to treat certain immune-mediated diseases are actually monoclonal antibodies specific for:
- A. An inflammatory cytokine
- B. An inflammatory cytokine receptor
- C. Lymphocytes of the T cell lineage
- D. Two of these responses are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because some top-selling drugs for immune-mediated diseases target either an inflammatory cytokine or its receptor. Monoclonal antibodies specific for an inflammatory cytokine can block its activity, while those targeting the receptor can prevent the cytokine from binding and triggering immune responses. Choices A and B are correct examples of drugs targeting inflammatory pathways. Choice C, targeting T cell lymphocytes, is less common for immune-mediated diseases compared to targeting cytokines or receptors. Therefore, D is the correct answer as it encompasses both common targeting strategies.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?
- A. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
- B. Peptidoglycan
- C. Viral RNA
- D. MHC molecules
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, MHC molecules. PAMPs are conserved molecules found on pathogens that can trigger an immune response. MHC molecules are not PAMPs; they are part of the host's immune system used to present antigens to T cells. LPS, peptidoglycan, and viral RNA are examples of PAMPs as they are specific molecules found on pathogens that can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors on immune cells to initiate an immune response.