Nokea
Which of the following is a major site of immune complex deposition in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
- A. Thyroid
- B. Glomerular basement membrane
- C. Peripheral nerves
- D. Mast cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glomerular basement membrane. In SLE, immune complexes deposit in various tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. The glomerular basement membrane is a common site for immune complex deposition in SLE, resulting in lupus nephritis. The other choices are incorrect because immune complex deposition does not typically occur in the thyroid, peripheral nerves, or mast cells in SLE. Thyroid involvement in SLE is more related to autoimmune thyroiditis, while peripheral nerves are not a major site for immune complex deposition in this condition. Mast cells are primarily involved in allergic reactions and are not a major target in SLE.
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If a person is infected with some deadly microbes to which quick immune response is required, we need to directly inject the preformed antibodies. This type of immunisation is known as:
- A. Active Immunisation
- B. Passive immunisation
- C. Allergic immunisation
- D. No such type of immunisation exist
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Passive immunisation involves injecting preformed antibodies to provide immediate protection against microbes. This is suitable for quick immune response in infected individuals. Active immunisation, on the other hand, stimulates the body to produce its own antibodies over time, which is not ideal for immediate protection. Allergic immunisation is unrelated to providing antibodies. There is no immunisation type of "No such type of immunisation exist."
Which enzyme excises incorrect nucleotides on the newly synthesized DNA?
- A. DNA gyrase
- B. RNA primase
- C. DNA ligase
- D. DNA polymerase II
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but it seems like there was a mistake in the question as there is no option E provided. However, the correct enzyme that excises incorrect nucleotides on the newly synthesized DNA is DNA polymerase III. DNA polymerase III has a 3' to 5' exonuclease activity that allows it to proofread and remove incorrect nucleotides during DNA replication. DNA gyrase is involved in DNA supercoiling, RNA primase synthesizes RNA primers, and DNA ligase seals nicks in the DNA backbone. DNA polymerase II is involved in DNA repair.
Which cells play a key role in linking innate and adaptive immunity?
- A. B cells
- B. Dendritic cells
- C. Eosinophils
- D. NK cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses by capturing and presenting antigens to T cells, thus initiating the adaptive immune response. They are crucial for activating T cells and initiating specific immune responses.
A: B cells are responsible for antibody production in the adaptive immune response, not for linking innate and adaptive immunity.
C: Eosinophils are primarily involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions, not in linking innate and adaptive immunity.
D: NK cells are part of the innate immune system and are involved in detecting and killing infected cells, but they do not directly link innate and adaptive immunity.
A patient with diarrhea has been diagnosed with Clostridium difficile. Along with standard precautions, which kind of transmission-based precautions will be used when the nurse is caring for this patient?
- A. Droplet precautions
- B. Contact precautions
- C. Isolation precautions
- D. Airborne precautions
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Clostridium difficile spreads through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or hands. Therefore, contact precautions are necessary to prevent its transmission.
PRRs able to activate NFκB include
- A. TLR4
- B. NOD1
- C. NLRP3
- D. Both A and B
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because both TLR4 and NOD1 are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can activate the NF-κB pathway. TLR4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharides, while NOD1 detects bacterial peptidoglycan fragments. NLRP3, choice C, is an inflammasome receptor that activates caspase-1, not NF-κB. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly activate NF-κB like TLR4 and NOD1.