Nokea
What is the medical term for a deficiency in the production of red blood cells?
- A. Iron deficiency anemia
- B. Sickle cell anemia
- C. Aplastic anemia
- D. Pernicious anemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Aplastic anemia. Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow doesn't produce enough blood cells, including red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia (A) is caused by a lack of iron in the body, not a deficiency in red blood cell production. Sickle cell anemia (B) is a genetic disorder affecting the shape of red blood cells, not the production. Pernicious anemia (D) is caused by a lack of vitamin B12, which leads to a deficiency in red blood cell production, but it is not the medical term specifically used for this condition.
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The industrial nurse examines an employee who complains of right shoulder pain on abduction. He points with one finger to the exact location of the pain and mentions that he won a racquetball tournament yesterday. The nurse suspects the employee is suffering from which problem?
- A. Rotator cuff tear
- B. Bursitis
- C. Dislocation
- D. Subluxation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bursitis. The employee's complaint of shoulder pain on abduction, localized pain with a specific trigger (racquetball tournament), and no mention of trauma or instability suggest an inflammatory condition like bursitis. The other choices are incorrect because a rotator cuff tear typically presents with weakness, dislocation with a history of trauma and visible deformity, and subluxation with recurrent episodes of partial dislocation.
Who is credited with the discovery of phagocytosis?
- A. Edward Jenner
- B. Louis Pasteur
- C. Elie Metchnikoff
- D. Paul Ehrlich
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Elie Metchnikoff. He is credited with the discovery of phagocytosis, the process in which certain cells engulf and digest foreign particles. Metchnikoff's research in the late 19th century laid the foundation for our understanding of the immune system. A: Edward Jenner is known for developing the smallpox vaccine. B: Louis Pasteur is famous for his work on germ theory and pasteurization. D: Paul Ehrlich is known for his contributions to immunology, such as developing the concept of antibodies and chemotherapy.
Which class of biological molecules can be bound by an immunoglobulin?
- A. Proteins
- B. Carbohydrates
- C. Lipids
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Immunoglobulins are antibodies produced by the immune system to recognize and bind to foreign molecules called antigens. These antigens can be proteins (choice A), carbohydrates (choice B), or lipids (choice C). Therefore, immunoglobulins can bind to all classes of biological molecules. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they each represent individual classes of molecules that can be targeted by immunoglobulins, but the correct answer encompasses all of them.
T-cell antigen receptors are distinguished from antibodies by which of the following
- A. T-Cell receptors are glycosylated
- B. T-cell receptors must interact with antigen uniquely presented by other cells but not with free antigen
- C. T-Cell receptors bind various cytokines
- D. T-Cell receptors bind complement to lyse cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. T-cell receptors must interact with antigens uniquely presented by other cells but not with free antigen. This is because T-cell receptors recognize antigens that are processed and presented on the surface of other cells via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. T-cell receptors specifically bind to the antigen-MHC complex, allowing T-cells to respond to specific foreign antigens.
A: T-cell receptors are not distinguished from antibodies by glycosylation. Both T-cell receptors and antibodies can be glycosylated, so this does not differentiate them.
C: T-cell receptors do not bind various cytokines. Cytokine receptors are separate entities that mediate cellular responses to cytokines.
D: T-cell receptors do not bind complement to lyse cells. Complement activation is a separate immune response mechanism not involving T-cell receptors.
Which enzyme excises incorrect nucleotides on the newly synthesized DNA?
- A. DNA gyrase
- B. RNA primase
- C. DNA ligase
- D. DNA polymerase II
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but it seems like there was a mistake in the question as there is no option E provided. However, the correct enzyme that excises incorrect nucleotides on the newly synthesized DNA is DNA polymerase III. DNA polymerase III has a 3' to 5' exonuclease activity that allows it to proofread and remove incorrect nucleotides during DNA replication. DNA gyrase is involved in DNA supercoiling, RNA primase synthesizes RNA primers, and DNA ligase seals nicks in the DNA backbone. DNA polymerase II is involved in DNA repair.