Nokea
What is characteristic of chronic inflammation?
- A. It may last 2 to 3 weeks.
- B. The injurious agent persists or repeatedly injures tissue.
- C. Infective endocarditis is an example of chronic inflammation.
- D. Neutrophils are the predominant cell type at the site of inflammation.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation occurs when the cause of the initial injury persists or recurs, leading to ongoing tissue damage and repair. Unlike acute inflammation, it involves lymphocytes and macrophages rather than neutrophils.
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A 69-year-old woman asks the nurse whether it is possible to 'catch' cancer because many of her friends of the same age have been diagnosed with different kinds of cancer. In responding to the woman, the nurse understands that what factor increases the incidence of tumors in older adults?
- A. An increase in autoantibodies
- B. Decreased activity of the bone marrow
- C. Decreased differentiation of T lymphocytes
- D. Decreased size and activity of the thymus gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The thymus gland shrinks with age, reducing the production of new T cells, which impairs immune surveillance and increases cancer risk.
What distinguishes NK cells from other lymphocytes?
- A. They are part of adaptive immunity
- B. They do not require prior antigen sensitization
- C. They directly produce antibodies
- D. They phagocytose pathogens
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because NK cells do not require prior antigen sensitization to recognize and attack infected cells. This distinguishes them from other lymphocytes, such as T and B cells, which are part of adaptive immunity and require prior exposure to specific antigens. NK cells are part of innate immunity and can directly recognize and kill infected or abnormal cells without prior activation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as NK cells are not part of adaptive immunity, do not directly produce antibodies, and do not phagocytose pathogens.
In a patient with sodium imbalances, the primary clinical manifestations are related to alterations in what body system?
- A. Kidneys
- B. Cardiovascular system
- C. Musculoskeletal system
- D. Central nervous system
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sodium imbalances primarily affect the central nervous system because sodium plays a critical role in maintaining normal neuronal function and osmotic balance in brain cells.
What treatment is commonly used for anaphylaxis?
- A. Antihistamines only
- B. Epinephrine
- C. Corticosteroids only
- D. Antibiotics
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Epinephrine. Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis as it rapidly reverses the symptoms by constricting blood vessels, relaxing airway muscles, and increasing heart rate. It is crucial in preventing severe complications and can be life-saving. Antihistamines (choice A) only target histamine effects, which are not sufficient in managing anaphylaxis. Corticosteroids (choice C) are used as adjunct therapy but are not as immediate or critical as epinephrine. Antibiotics (choice D) are not indicated for anaphylaxis treatment. Therefore, epinephrine is the most appropriate choice for managing anaphylaxis effectively.
Lymph consists of fluid that:
- A. Is taken up from tissues by lymphatic capillaries
- B. Carries antigens and mature dendritic cells to lymph nodes
- C. Is secreted by lymphocytes
- D. Two of these options are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. A is correct as lymph is taken up from tissues by lymphatic capillaries.
2. B is correct as lymph carries antigens and mature dendritic cells to lymph nodes.
3. C is incorrect as lymph is not secreted by lymphocytes.
4. Therefore, D is correct as both A and B accurately describe the components and functions of lymph.