Nokea
What is a compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis?
- A. Shifting of bicarbonate into cells in exchange for chloride
- B. Kidney conservation of bicarbonate and excretion of hydrogen ions
- C. Deep,rapid respirations (Kussmaul respirations) to increase CO2 excretion
- D. Decreased respiratory rate and depth to retain CO2 and kidney excretion of bicarbonate
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: To compensate for metabolic alkalosis, the body decreases respiratory rate to retain CO2 and excretes bicarbonate via kidneys.
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Which defense function is a specialty of both IgG and IgA antibody?
- A. Neonatal immunity
- B. Opsonization
- C. Antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cells
- D. Complement activation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Opsonization. Both IgG and IgA antibodies can participate in opsonization, which involves tagging pathogens for destruction by phagocytes. IgG and IgA have specific receptors on phagocytes that recognize the tagged pathogens, enhancing their clearance. Neonatal immunity (choice A) is primarily mediated by IgG antibodies transferred from mother to fetus. Antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cells (choice C) is mainly associated with IgE antibodies in allergic reactions. Complement activation (choice D) mainly involves IgM and IgG antibodies, leading to a cascade of reactions for pathogen elimination.
What cytokine is produced by Regulatory T cells to suppress immune responses?
- A. IL-2
- B. IL-10
- C. IFN-gamma
- D. TNF-alpha
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IL-10. Regulatory T cells produce IL-10 to suppress immune responses by inhibiting the activation and function of other immune cells. IL-2 (A) is mainly produced by activated T cells to promote proliferation. IFN-gamma (C) is produced by T cells and NK cells to enhance immune response. TNF-alpha (D) is produced by macrophages and T cells to induce inflammation. IL-10 stands out as the suppressor cytokine in this context.
Select the following disorders characterized by inflammation of bronchi.
- A. Asthma
- B. Bronchitis
- C. Emphysema
- D. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Bronchitis is characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, leading to coughing and mucus production.
2. Asthma involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways but is not specific to bronchi.
3. Emphysema is a lung disease involving damage to the air sacs, not specifically inflammation of bronchi.
4. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection affecting the lungs, not primarily characterized by bronchial inflammation.
Summary:
Bronchitis is the correct answer as it specifically involves inflammation of the bronchi, while asthma, emphysema, and tuberculosis do not primarily exhibit this characteristic.
Which pathway in the complement system is activated by immune complexes containing IgG or IgM?
- A. Alternative pathway
- B. Classical pathway
- C. Lectin pathway
- D. Terminal pathway
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Classical pathway. This pathway is activated by immune complexes containing IgG or IgM. When these antibodies bind to antigens, they trigger the classical pathway by forming a complex that activates C1q, initiating a cascade of reactions leading to inflammation and opsonization. The alternative pathway (A) is activated by microbial surfaces, while the lectin pathway (C) is activated by mannose-binding lectin binding to carbohydrates on pathogens. The terminal pathway (D) involves the formation of the membrane attack complex.
Which of the following enzymes removes 5' phosphate groups thereby preventing or decreasing the self-sealing of restricted plasmid vector molecules?
- A. Calf intestinal phosphatase
- B. Pyrophosphatase
- C. Phosphohydrolase
- D. phosphate exonuclease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Calf intestinal phosphatase. This enzyme removes 5' phosphate groups from DNA molecules, preventing self-ligation of restricted plasmid vectors. This step is crucial in generating linearized vectors for downstream applications. Pyrophosphatase (B) hydrolyzes pyrophosphate bonds, not 5' phosphate groups. Phosphohydrolase (C) is a general term for enzymes that hydrolyze phosphoester bonds, not specific to 5' phosphate removal. Phosphate exonuclease (D) degrades nucleic acids by removing nucleotides from the 3' end, not the 5' phosphate group.