Nokea
A client with HIV has been prescribed antiviral medications. What instructions related to administration of medications should the nurse give such a client?
- A. Complying with the timing of antiviral medications around meals.
- B. Avoiding exposure to harsh sunlight for about two hours after taking the medication.
- C. Having the medications with plenty of fruit juice.
- D. Having an increased dose of the medications if the symptoms worsen.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Adhering to the timing of antiviral medications around meals ensures optimal absorption and effectiveness.
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Which of the following are not examples of a terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
- A. nitrate
- B. hydrogen sulfate
- C. iron hydroxide
- D. Hâ‚‚
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: H₂. In anaerobic respiration, H₂ can act as a terminal electron acceptor, so it is not an incorrect example. Nitrate, hydrogen sulfate, and iron hydroxide are all examples of terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration. H₂ is commonly used in microbial processes as an electron donor, not as a terminal electron acceptor. This is because H₂ is typically oxidized to produce energy, rather than accepting electrons.
A heart attack is
- A. damage to cardiac muscle
- B. Typically from a blocked coronary artery
- C. Death of brain tissue from blocked arteries in the head
- D. A & b
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because a heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, involves damage to the cardiac muscle due to a blocked coronary artery. Choice A is correct as it directly relates to the definition of a heart attack. Choice B is also correct as a blocked coronary artery is the main cause of decreased blood flow to the heart muscle leading to a heart attack. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to a stroke, which is the death of brain tissue due to blocked arteries in the head, not a heart attack. Therefore, A & B (choices A and B) are the correct options, making D the correct answer.
Dendritic cells play a role in:
- A. Costimulation of naïve T cells
- B. Processing of protein antigens to generate peptides
- C. Presentation of peptide-MHC complexes for recognition by T cell receptors
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dendritic cells play a crucial role in the immune system. Firstly, they provide costimulation to activate naïve T cells (A). Secondly, they process protein antigens into peptides for antigen presentation (B). Finally, dendritic cells present peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors for immune response activation (C). Therefore, the correct answer is D, as dendritic cells are involved in all these processes essential for initiating and regulating immune responses. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are individual roles of dendritic cells and do not encompass the full range of functions that dendritic cells perform.
T cells can recognize
- A. Linear peptides
- B. The shape of antigens
- C. Buried epitopes
- D. Soluble antigens
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The shape of antigens. T cells recognize antigens based on their shape, specifically the conformational structure of the antigen. T cell receptors interact with the surface of antigens, forming a complex based on the shape complementarity. This interaction is crucial for T cell activation and immune response.
A: Linear peptides - While T cells can recognize linear peptides presented by MHC molecules, the primary mode of recognition is through the shape of antigens.
C: Buried epitopes - T cells typically recognize epitopes displayed on the surface of antigens rather than buried within the structure.
D: Soluble antigens - T cells can recognize both soluble and membrane-bound antigens, but the key factor is the shape rather than the solubility of the antigen.
Which of the following would have the highest priority in septic shock?
- A. Monitoring temperature.
- B. Monitoring airway,breathing,circulation (ABC).
- C. Monitoring pupillary reaction.
- D. Monitoring ANA and RF levels.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In septic shock, maintaining airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC) is critical because these systems ensure oxygenation and perfusion, which are compromised in shock states. Monitoring temperature and other parameters is secondary to stabilizing ABC.