Nokea
Several processes enable a drug to reach a specific concentration in the body. Together they are called dynamic equilibrium. What are these processes? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Distribution to the active site
- B. Biotransformation
- C. Absorption from the muscle
- D. Excretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The actual concentration that a drug reaches in the body results from a dynamic equilibrium involving several processes: Absorption from the site of entry (can be from the muscle, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract if taken orally, of the subcutaneous tissue if given by that route); Distribution to the active site; biotransformation (metabolism) in the liver; excretion from the body. Interaction with other drugs is not part of the dynamic equilibrium.
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A nurse is preparing to administer eye drops to a client. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Have the client lie on her side.
- B. Ask the client to look up at the nurse.
- C. Tell the client to blink when the drops enter her eye.
- D. Drop the medication into the center of the client's conjunctival sac.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Looking up exposes the conjunctival sac, where drops should be placed for effective administration and absorption.
Hepatitis B immune globulin is administered to provide passive immunity to:
- A. Infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers
- B. Household contacts of hepatitis-B virus infected people
- C. Persons exposed to blood containing hepatitis B virus
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hepatitis B immune globulin provides passive immunity in all listed exposure scenarios .
When reviewing the phases of drug development, the nurse finds a discussion about the postmarketing surveillance phase. Which one of the following activities would the nurse expect to find as being carried out during this phase?
- A. Health care providers report adverse effects to FDA.
- B. Healthy volunteers are involved in the test.
- C. In vitro tests are performed using human cells.
- D. The drug is given to patients with the disease.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The postmarketing surveillance phase of drug development encourages health care professionals to report adverse effects of drugs to the FDA using MedWatch. Phase 1 of clinical testing involves 20 to 100 healthy volunteers. In vitro testing of the drug on human or animal cells is done in the pre-FDA phase. In Phase 2 of clinical testing, the drug is given to patients with the disease for which the drug is manufactured.
Half-lives of hydrophilic beta-blockers tend to be longer than their lipophilic counterparts.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hydrophilic beta-blockers (e.g., atenolol) have longer half-lives due to renal elimination, unlike lipophilic ones (e.g., propranolol) metabolized by the liver.
Where would the procedures and treatments directed by the health care provider be found?
- A. Summary sheet
- B. Physician's order form
- C. Physician's progress notes
- D. History and physical examination form
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The physician's order form contains all procedures and treatments ordered by the health care provider. A summary sheet provides a brief overview of the hospital course at discharge. Physician's progress notes provide regular observations on the patient's course of treatment and response. A history and physical examination form provides information about baseline information from the patient.