Nokea
Sheena, tells the nurse that she wants to begin toilet training her 22-month-old child. The most important factor for the nurse to stress to the mother is:
- A. Developmental readiness of the child
- B. Consistency in approach
- C. The mother’s positive attitude
- D. Developmental level of the child’s peers
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Developmental readiness is crucial for successful toilet training, as forcing it before the child is ready can lead to resistance and setbacks.
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Through what does the infant born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome acquire oxygenated blood?
- A. The patent ductus arteriosus
- B. A ventricular septal defect
- C. The closure of the foramen ovale
- D. An atrial septal defect
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Because the right side of the heart must take over pumping blood to both the lungs and systemic circulation, the ductus arteriosus must remain open to shunt the oxygenated blood from the lungs.
Initial tests in a 2-year-old child with failure to thrive include:
- A. Thyroid function tests
- B. Sweat test
- C. Urine culture
- D. Colonoscopy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: a sweat test is crucial for diagnosing cystic fibrosis, a common cause of failure to thrive in children. The other tests (a-d) are less specific and not typically first-line for this presentation.
Pro-BNP can be increased in all, except
- A. Coronary artery disease
- B. Sepsis
- C. Pulmonary hypertension
- D. Obesity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Obesity is not typically associated with increased Pro-BNP levels.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy:
- A. Has an association with malignant hyperpyrexia
- B. Is a reason for never running properly
- C. Is better diagnosed with muscle biopsy than gene probe
- D. Is associated with speech delay
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is associated with speech delay due to progressive muscle weakness, including facial muscles affecting speech.
Which among the following beta-blockers is not potent than propranolol (considering propranolol = 1)?
- A. Carvedilol
- B. Metoprolol
- C. Bisoprolol
- D. Labetalol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Labetalol has a lower beta-blocking potency compared to propranolol, especially considering it also has alpha-blocking activity.