Nokea
Side effects of sulphonylureas are less than those of biguanides. This considerations is:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. All of the above
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Sulphonylureas can cause hypoglycemia, weight gain, and gastrointestinal issues.
Step 2: Biguanides can cause gastrointestinal issues and lactic acidosis.
Step 3: Biguanides have fewer side effects compared to sulphonylureas.
Step 4: Therefore, the statement that side effects of sulphonylureas are less than biguanides is FALSE.
Summary: Choice B is correct because biguanides have fewer side effects than sulphonylureas, making the statement false. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the statement is not true for all options.
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This drug blocks inactivated (but not activated) Na+ channels.
- A. Mexiletine
- B. Phenytoin
- C. Procainamide
- D. Quinidine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Procainamide. Procainamide blocks inactivated Na+ channels by binding to them preferentially when they are in the inactivated state. This mechanism helps decrease excitability in cardiac and neuronal tissues. Mexiletine (A) blocks both inactivated and activated Na+ channels, making it incorrect. Phenytoin (B) primarily blocks activated Na+ channels, not inactivated ones. Quinidine (D) blocks both inactivated and activated Na+ channels, so it is not the correct choice in this scenario.
Which of the following drugs is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor:
- A. Enalapril
- B. Diltiazem
- C. Prazosin
- D. Nifedipine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor; diltiazem and nifedipine are calcium channel blockers, and prazosin is an alpha-1 blocker.
Bactericidal effect is:
- A. Inhibition of bacterial cell division
- B. Inhibition of young bacterial cell growth
- C. Destroying of bacterial cells
- D. Formation of bacterial L-form
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Destroying of bacterial cells. Bactericidal effect refers to the ability to kill bacteria. This is achieved by directly destroying the bacterial cells, leading to their death. Inhibition of bacterial cell division (A) and young bacterial cell growth (B) refer to bacteriostatic effects, which only stop bacterial growth but do not kill the bacteria. Formation of bacterial L-form (D) is a phenomenon where bacteria lose their cell wall and become resistant to antibiotics, but it does not directly relate to bactericidal action.
During a home visit with a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia the patient tells the community health nurse, “I’m going to stop going to the clinic for my fluphenazine decanoate (Prolixin) shots because I think I’m okay now.” Which statement represents the best understanding of the effect of the patient’s decision on the prognosis?
- A. “So you think you’re okay now. Let’s discuss why you’ve decided to stop taking your medication.”
- B. “Your doctor knows what’s best for you. Just look at how well you’re feeling now so don’t stop taking the medication.”
- C. “It’s true that our philosophy is to use the least amount of medicine that is needed to treat a problem. Tell me why you think that you are okay now.”
- D. “I’m afraid that you’ll be sick again very soon if you aren’t taking your medication, but you are an adult and entitled to make your own decisions.”
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it demonstrates therapeutic communication and empathy by acknowledging the patient's perspective and inviting further discussion. By exploring the patient's reasons for wanting to stop the medication, the nurse can address underlying concerns and provide education on the importance of medication adherence in managing schizophrenia.
Choice B is incorrect as it undermines the patient's autonomy and fails to address the patient's reasons for stopping the medication. Choice C is partially correct in acknowledging the patient's perspective but lacks the active engagement needed to assess and address the patient's decision. Choice D is incorrect as it expresses fear without exploring the patient's beliefs and reasons, which can lead to resistance and non-compliance.
Actoprotectors are:
- A. Stimulators,improving physical efficiency
- B. Cognition enhancers improving the highest integrative brain function
- C. Stimulants raising non-specific resistance towards stresses
- D. Agents,stimulating the bulbar respiratory and vasomotor centers
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because actoprotectors are substances that improve physical efficiency by enhancing endurance, stamina, and overall physical performance. This is supported by scientific evidence showing their positive effects on exercise capacity and fatigue resistance. Choice B is incorrect because cognition enhancers focus on improving cognitive functions, not physical performance. Choice C is incorrect as actoprotectors do not raise non-specific resistance towards stresses but specifically target physical efficiency. Choice D is incorrect because actoprotectors do not directly stimulate respiratory and vasomotor centers in the brain, but rather enhance physical capabilities.