Nokea
Skinner would agree with all the following statements except:
- A. All behavior is governed by external consequences.
- B. Individuals have free will.
- C. Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes.
- D. Organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Skinner's behaviorist perspective emphasized that behavior is influenced by external factors and reinforcement, rather than individual free will. Therefore, Skinner would not agree with the statement that individuals have free will. Choices A, C, and D align with Skinner's beliefs as he believed that behavior is shaped by external consequences, organisms tend to repeat behaviors leading to positive outcomes, and organisms tend to avoid behaviors leading to neutral or negative outcomes.
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Barney helps his younger brother, who has just learned to cycle on his own, to navigate narrow roads and sharp turns. Vygotsky will refer to this as ________?
- A. Microsystem
- B. Macrosystem
- C. Mesosystem
- D. Exosystem
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In this scenario, where Barney is assisting his younger brother in navigating narrow roads and sharp turns, Vygotsky would refer to this as an example of the 'mesosystem.' The mesosystem involves the interactions between different systems in a child's environment, such as family and peers. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect: A) Microsystem refers to the immediate environment where the child lives, like home and school; B) Macrosystem encompasses the larger cultural context; D) Exosystem involves external settings that indirectly influence the child.
According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of?
- A. Observable behavior.
- B. Conscious experience.
- C. Unconscious motivation.
- D. The functions of behavior.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Wilhelm Wundt's approach emphasized the study of conscious experience, marking a shift towards scientific methods in psychology. Choice A, observable behavior, is associated with behaviorism and not Wundt's structuralism. Choice C, unconscious motivation, is more aligned with Freud's psychoanalytic theory. Choice D, the functions of behavior, relates more to functionalism, which was developed by William James.
What is the result when a single zygote separates into two parts, each developing into a separate individual?
- A. Dizygotic twin
- B. Monozygotic twin
- C. Fraternal twin
- D. Nonidentical twin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Monozygotic twin. A monozygotic twin, also known as an identical twin, is the result when a single zygote splits into two parts, leading to the development of two genetically identical individuals. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the scenario where a single zygote splits into two parts to form identical twins. Dizygotic twin (Choice A) refers to fraternal twins, which result from two separate eggs fertilized by two different sperm cells. Fraternal twin (Choice C) is another term for dizygotic twins, arising from two separate zygotes. Nonidentical twin (Choice D) is a synonymous term for dizygotic or fraternal twins, indicating that they are not genetically identical.
Gabriel is depressed as he has been looking for a job for the past year without success. Today, his best friend tried to give him two books on job interviews, but he turned down the offer. What concept best explains his reaction?
- A. Observational learning
- B. Insight learning
- C. Learned helplessness
- D. Modeling
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Gabriel's reaction of turning down the offer of job interview books from his friend despite being depressed and unsuccessful in job hunting best fits the concept of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness occurs when individuals believe they have no control over their situation, leading to passivity and feelings of helplessness. In this case, Gabriel's refusal of the books indicates a sense of resignation and belief that his efforts in finding a job will not be successful, reflecting learned helplessness. Observational learning, insight learning, and modeling do not directly align with Gabriel's reaction in this context.
When interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper, the faculty member states, 'many times, people are unaware of the unconscious motivations that drive their overt actions.' This faculty member's views are most similar to the views held by?
- A. F. Skinner.
- B. Carl Rogers.
- C. Wilhelm Wundt.
- D. Sigmund Freud
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Sigmund Freud. Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasized the influence of unconscious motivations on behavior. This aligns with the faculty member's statement about people being unaware of the unconscious drives behind their actions. Choice A, F. Skinner, is incorrect because Skinner focused on observable behavior and reinforcement. Choice B, Carl Rogers, is incorrect as Rogers is associated with humanistic psychology and self-actualization, not unconscious motivations. Choice C, Wilhelm Wundt, is also incorrect as he is known for establishing the first psychology laboratory and structuralism, not unconscious motivations.