Nokea
Spirometry is used
- A. To detect the amount of Hemoglobin
- B. To detect the air flow through the respiratory system
- C. To check the respiratory quotient
- D. None of these
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: To detect the air flow through the respiratory system. Spirometry measures lung function by assessing the volume of air inhaled and exhaled. It helps in diagnosing respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD. Choice A is incorrect because spirometry does not measure hemoglobin levels. Choice C is incorrect as spirometry does not determine the respiratory quotient, which relates to metabolic processes. Choice D is incorrect as spirometry is used for assessing respiratory function.
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Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following except
- A. less inhibition of the inspiratory center during forced breathing
- B. a drop in tidal volume
- C. potential damage to the lungs due to overinflation
- D. a disappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflexes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: a drop in tidal volume. Severing sensory fibers from the lungs would lead to decreased feedback to the brain, resulting in less inhibition of the inspiratory center and potentially overinflation of the lungs (choice C). The Hering-Breuer reflexes, responsible for preventing lung over-inflation, would disappear (choice D). However, tidal volume is primarily controlled by the respiratory muscles and respiratory center in the brain, not solely by sensory input from the lungs. Hence, severing sensory fibers would not directly lead to a drop in tidal volume.
Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content.
- A. 25 percent
- B. 50 percent
- C. 75 percent
- D. 90 percent
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (75 percent) because under quiet conditions, the venous blood returning to the heart still contains a significant amount of oxygen due to the efficient extraction of oxygen by tissues. This oxygen extraction process typically leaves around 25 percent of oxygen in the venous blood, which is then returned to the heart. Choices A (25 percent), B (50 percent), and D (90 percent) are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the amount of oxygen retained in the blood under quiet conditions. Option A (25 percent) is the amount typically extracted by tissues, so it cannot be the correct answer. Option B (50 percent) is too high, as more oxygen is extracted by tissues. Option D (90 percent) is also too high, as it overestimates the amount of oxygen retained in venous blood.
What is the relationship between the pressures at label '8'?
- A. P outside = P inside
- B. P outside > P inside
- C. P outside < P inside
- D. P outside + P inside
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: P outside < P inside. This is because pressure decreases as altitude increases. At label '8', the pressure outside the object (presumably at a higher altitude) is lower than the pressure inside the object. This is due to the decrease in air pressure with increasing altitude. Choice A is incorrect because at higher altitudes, the pressure outside is lower than inside. Choice B is incorrect as it suggests the opposite relationship. Choice D is incorrect as it does not accurately describe the relationship between the pressures at label '8'.
A female adult client has a tracheostomy but doesn't require continuous mechanical ventilation. When weaning the client from the tracheostomy tube, the nurse initially should plug the opening in the tube for:
- A. 15 to 60 seconds.
- B. 5 to 20 minutes.
- C. 30 to 40 minutes.
- D. 45 to 60 minutes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 5 to 20 minutes. Plugging the tracheostomy tube for this duration allows the client to gradually adapt to breathing without the assistance of the tube. Initially, the client may experience increased respiratory effort, which helps improve lung function. Plugging the tube for too short a time (A) may not provide enough challenge for the client, while plugging it for too long (C, D) may cause distress or potential complications due to lack of oxygen. Therefore, the optimal time frame of 5 to 20 minutes ensures a safe and effective weaning process for the client.
O2 dissociation curve shift to R) by all of the following except
- A. Increase [H+]
- B. pCO2
- C. Increase temperature
- D. Carbon monoxide
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide does not shift the O2 dissociation curve to the right (R) because it binds to hemoglobin with a higher affinity than oxygen, causing a leftward shift (L). Increased [H+], pCO2, and temperature all shift the curve to the right by decreasing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.