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Spirometry is used to determine the severity of COPD and to monitor disease progression. This test measures
- A. The ratio of volume of air the patient can forcibly exhale in 1 second and forced vital capacity
- B. The ratio of residual volume when patient has fully exhaled and forced vital capacity
- C. The ratio of forced vital capacity and volume of air the patient can forcibly exhale in 6 seconds
- D. The ratio of respiratory effort and respiratory rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Spirometry sizes COPD FEV1/FVC ratio, air blasted in one second versus all-out capacity, pegs obstruction's depth, tracking decline. Residual's post-exhale, not this; 6-second's off; effort-rate's vague. Nurses lean on this, staging chronic airflow's fade.
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The nurse educates the client that besides an echocardiogram, which of the following tests is the best tool for diagnosing heart failure?
- A. Pulmonary artery catheter
- B. Mitigated angiographic (MUGA) scan
- C. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
- D. Radionuclide studies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: BNP, a blood test, spikes with heart stretch heart failure's calling card, outshining invasive tools for diagnosis. Pulmonary catheters measure pressures, not routine. MUGA scans ejection fraction, less direct. Radionuclide's vague here. Nurses teach BNP's ease and accuracy, a biomarker gold standard, syncing with echo to nail heart failure's fluid tale.
For care of a patient who has oral cancer, which task would be appropriate to delegate to the LPN/LVN?
- A. Assist the patient to brush and floss
- B. Explain when brushing and flossing are contraindicated
- C. Give antacids and sucralfate suspension as ordered
- D. Recommend saliva substitutes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: LPN/LVNs excel in medication administration within their scope, making giving antacids and sucralfate ordered for oral cancer's mucosal protection ideal. Brushing and flossing assistance fits nursing assistants, a basic task. Explaining contraindications requires RN-level judgment to assess risks like bleeding or infection. Recommending saliva substitutes needs physician or pharmacist input, beyond LPN/LVN authority. Medication delivery leverages their training, easing symptoms like pain or ulcers, ensuring safe, supervised care in oral cancer's complex management, a practical delegation choice.
Which of the following are not part of the diabetic retinopathy that cause visual impairment in patients with diabetes?
- A. Pre proliferative retinopathy
- B. Macular oedema
- C. Proliferative retinopathy
- D. Macular degeneration
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Diabetic retinopathy pre-proliferative, edema, proliferative blur eyes from sugar's vessel rot. Macular degeneration's age, not diabetes. Nurses spot this, a chronic sight split.
What do you tell patients is the most important risk factor for lung cancer when you are teaching about lung cancer prevention?
- A. Cigarette smoking
- B. Exposure to environmental/occupational carcinogens
- C. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
- D. Pipe or cigar smoking
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cigarette smoking towers as lung cancer's top risk 80-90% of cases tie to its carcinogens like tar and nicotine, a dose-dependent killer dwarfing other factors. Environmental/occupational exposures like asbestos amplify risk, especially with smoking, but lack its prevalence. ETS hikes risk by 35%, significant yet secondary. Pipe or cigar smoking carries risk, less than cigarettes due to inhalation patterns. Teaching smoking as paramount drives home its preventable dominance, urging cessation as the gold-standard defense, a nurse's key message to slash lung cancer odds, backed by epidemiology and public health campaigns.
Proven treatment for patients with noncirrhosis from NAFLD include the following except:
- A. Liver transplant
- B. Bariatric surgery
- C. Vitamin E
- D. Weight loss
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Noncirrhotic NAFLD bends to weight loss, bariatric cuts, and Vitamin E's antioxidant punch proven aids. Transplant's endgame for cirrhosis, not here. Metformin flops for fat, despite diabetes use. Clinicians skip this organ swap, leaning on lifestyle and pills, a chronic fix before scars hit.