Nokea
Which of the following health determinants is NOT a component of Lalonde's model?
- A. Biological factors
- B. Physical environment
- C. Health care
- D. Attitude to life
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Lalonde's grid biology, environment, care, not attitude shapes health, not mindsets. Nurses map this, a chronic model cut.
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Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is caused by:
- A. Ventricular hypertrophy reducing contractility of muscles
- B. Decreased perfusion of the myocardium
- C. Dilated cardiomyopathy
- D. Impaired ventricular relaxation resulting in the lack of ability of ventricles to fill with blood
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: HFpEF stiff ventricles won't relax, slashing fill-up, not pump-out. Hypertrophy aids, doesn't cause; perfusion dips hurt supply; dilated's HFrEF. Nurses target this, a chronic fill flaw.
Which is the most common organism infecting coral cuts?
- A. non-cholera vibrio
- B. mycobacterium marinum
- C. aeromonas species
- D. strep pyogenes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Coral cuts strep pyogenes streaks in, not vibrio, mycobacterium, aeromonas, or E. coli's swim. Nurses hit this chronic skin ripper.
Which does not cause genital ulceration?
- A. syphilis
- B. herpes simplex infection
- C. HIV
- D. lymphogranuloma venereum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: HIV no direct ulcers; syphilis, herpes, LGV, chancroid carve sores. Nurses rule this chronic outlier.
Which organism is least likely to show the characteristic periodicity of fever in malaria?
- A. p. malariae
- B. p. vivax
- C. p. ovale
- D. p. falciparum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Falciparum's fever messy, constant, not vivax, ovale, malariae's tidy cycles. Nurses spot this chronic chaos king.
Which complications are the three main consequences of leukemia?
- A. Bone deformities, spherocytosis and infection.
- B. Anemia, infection, and bleeding tendencies.
- C. Lymphocytopoiesis, growth delays, and hirsutism.
- D. Polycythemia, decreased clotting time, and infection.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Leukemia, a bone marrow cancer, replaces normal marrow elements with immature, dysfunctional white blood cells (lymphoblasts), leading to three primary complications: anemia, infection, and bleeding tendencies. Anemia results from reduced red blood cell production, causing fatigue and pallor. Infection risk rises due to neutropenia immature lymphoblasts lack infection-fighting ability making children prone to severe illnesses. Bleeding tendencies occur from thrombocytopenia, low platelet counts causing bruising or petechiae. Bone deformities and spherocytosis aren't leukemia hallmarks; the former might occur in bone cancers like osteosarcoma, and the latter is a red cell disorder. Lymphocytopoiesis is a process, not a complication, while growth delays and hirsutism aren't primary leukemia effects. Polycythemia (high red cells) and decreased clotting time oppose leukemia's anemia and bleeding risks. Nurses must monitor these complications, as they guide interventions like transfusions or antibiotics, critical for supporting children through leukemia treatment.