Nokea
Stroma is a component of:
- A. chloroplasts
- B. mitochondria
- C. mitochondria
- D. lysosomes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mitochondria. Stroma is a component of chloroplasts, not mitochondria. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes, not stroma. Mitochondria have an inner and outer membrane structure, with the matrix containing the stroma where important metabolic processes occur. This is where the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation take place. Stroma in chloroplasts is where photosynthesis occurs. So, the correct answer is B because stroma is a component of mitochondria, where crucial energy production processes happen.
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A wound culture revealed Gram-negative rods that are lactose non-fermenters. The bacteria were isolated from a patient with a deep tissue infection. What is the most likely microorganism?
- A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- B. Escherichia coli
- C. Salmonella typhi
- D. Shigella dysenteriae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative rod that is a lactose non-fermenter commonly associated with deep tissue infections. It is an opportunistic pathogen known for its ability to cause infections in immunocompromised individuals. P. aeruginosa is often resistant to multiple antibiotics and can form biofilms, making it difficult to treat.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative rod that ferments lactose and is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. It is not typically associated with deep tissue infections.
C: Salmonella typhi is a Gram-negative rod that causes typhoid fever, primarily affecting the gastrointestinal system, not deep tissue infections.
D: Shigella dysenteriae is a Gram-negative rod that causes bacillary dysentery, which primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract and does not typically cause deep tissue infections.
Coxsackie Viruses can cause:
- A. Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
- B. Herpangina
- C. Mumps
- D. Poliomyelitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Herpangina. Coxsackie Viruses are known to cause Herpangina, which is characterized by sore throat, fever, and painful blisters in the mouth and throat. This is because Coxsackie Viruses typically infect the throat and mouth mucosa. Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (A) is commonly caused by Adenoviruses, not Coxsackie Viruses. Mumps (C) is caused by the Mumps virus, a completely different virus. Poliomyelitis (D) is caused by the Poliovirus, not Coxsackie Viruses. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it aligns with the known pathogenicity of Coxsackie Viruses.
Which microbial group can resist acidic pH?
- A. yeast and molds
- B. bacteria
- C. E. Coli
- D. none of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: yeast and molds. Yeast and molds can resist acidic pH due to their ability to maintain a stable internal pH through various mechanisms such as ion transport and cell wall composition. Bacteria, including E. coli, are generally more sensitive to acidic conditions. Choice D is incorrect as yeast and molds are known to thrive in acidic environments.
For cultivation of Brucella, pure cultures should be incubated in CO2 enriched atmosphere. What type of breathing is typical for Brucella?
- A. Capnophilic
- B. Facultative anaerobic
- C. Obligate anaerobic
- D. Obligate aerobic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Capnophilic. Brucella requires a CO2 enriched atmosphere for cultivation, making it capnophilic. This is because Brucella is a microaerophilic bacterium that thrives in low oxygen conditions and elevated CO2 levels. Choice B (Facultative anaerobic) and D (Obligate aerobic) are incorrect as Brucella does not grow well under aerobic conditions. Choice C (Obligate anaerobic) is also incorrect as Brucella can grow in the presence of oxygen, although it prefers low oxygen environments.
Which of the following bacteria are associated with foodborne illnesses?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Salmonella enterica
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, Salmonella enterica causes salmonellosis, and Escherichia coli can cause foodborne illnesses such as E. coli infection. All three bacteria are associated with foodborne illnesses due to contamination of food or water sources. Therefore, selecting "All of the above" is the most appropriate choice as it includes all the bacteria commonly linked to foodborne illnesses. The other choices (A, B, and C) are incorrect because they do not encompass all the bacteria associated with foodborne illnesses as stated above.