Nokea
A 16-year-old adolescent was vaccinated with DTP. In eight days there was stiffness and pain in the joints, subfebrile temperature, urticarial skin eruption, enlargement of inguinal, cervical lymph nodes and spleen. What kind of allergic reaction is observed?
- A. Immunocomplex
- B. Hypersensitivity of immediate type
- C. Cytoxic
- D. Hypersensitivity of delayed type
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hypersensitivity of delayed type. The symptoms described occur 5-10 days after exposure to the antigen, consistent with a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. This type of reaction involves T cells and is characterized by cell-mediated immune response, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they are associated with different mechanisms of allergic reactions. Immunocomplex reactions (choice A) involve antigen-antibody complexes depositing in tissues, immediate hypersensitivity reactions (choice B) involve IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation, and cytotoxic reactions (choice C) involve antibodies targeting specific cells for destruction.
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The correct descending order of taxonomic categories is
- A. species, domain, phylum, kingdom, order, division, class, genus
- B. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, order, genus, species
- C. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
- D. kingdom, domain, phylum, order, class, family, genus, species
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct descending order of taxonomic categories is domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. This hierarchical classification system helps organize and categorize living organisms based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
Explanation:
- Domain is the broadest category, representing the highest level of classification.
- Kingdom further divides organisms into major groups based on similar characteristics.
- Phylum, class, order, family, and genus successively narrow down the classification based on more specific shared characteristics.
- Species is the most specific category, representing individual organisms capable of interbreeding.
Summary of other choices:
A: Incorrect as it has the incorrect order of phylum, kingdom, and division.
B: Incorrect as it has the incorrect order of family and species.
D: Incorrect as it has the incorrect order of domain, kingdom, and class.
How the prepared immunofluorescence slide should be examined?
- A. Under the fluorescence microscope using x100 oil immersion objective
- B. Under light microscope using x100 oil immersion objective
- C. Using electron microscopy
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because immunofluorescence slides are examined under a fluorescence microscope with a x100 oil immersion objective. This is because immunofluorescence relies on the detection of fluorescently labeled antibodies, which emit light when excited by a specific wavelength. Using a fluorescence microscope allows for visualization of these labeled antibodies at high magnification and resolution, enabling precise examination of cellular structures and protein localization. Choice B is incorrect as light microscopes are not suitable for visualizing fluorescence. Choice C is incorrect as electron microscopes use electrons, not light, for imaging, which is not compatible with immunofluorescence. Choice D is incorrect as there is a specific method for examining immunofluorescence slides.
Cells that contain a nucleus are __________ cells.
- A. prokaryotic
- B. eukaryotic
- C. anucleate
- D. haploid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus that encloses the genetic material. The nucleus is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells, separating them from prokaryotic cells (choice A) which lack a nucleus. Anucleate cells (choice C) are cells that do not have a nucleus at all. Haploid cells (choice D) contain a single set of chromosomes, but this does not necessarily imply the presence of a nucleus. Therefore, the presence of a nucleus is what categorizes cells as eukaryotic.
Drugs needed for diseases with fewer than 200,000 patients, and that fail to receive attention for development because of cost and need, are called:
- A. secondary drugs
- B. minor drugs
- C. orphan drugs
- D. specialty drugs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: orphan drugs. Orphan drugs are medications developed to treat rare diseases affecting fewer than 200,000 patients. These diseases often lack attention from pharmaceutical companies due to the high cost and limited market potential. Orphan drugs receive special incentives and regulatory support to encourage their development.
A: Secondary drugs do not specifically refer to medications for rare diseases.
B: Minor drugs is not a recognized term in the context of rare disease medications.
D: Specialty drugs typically refer to high-cost medications used to treat complex or chronic conditions, but not necessarily rare diseases.
For measles virus is true that:
- A. There is no outer membrane
- B. Contains singles-stranded RNA with negative polarity
- C. Belongs to family Togaviridae
- D. Cannot be grown on cell cultures
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Contains single-stranded RNA with negative polarity. Measles virus is an enveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome that is negative-sense. This means it must first be transcribed into positive-sense RNA before it can be translated. Choice A is incorrect as the measles virus does have an outer envelope. Choice C is incorrect as measles virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, not Togaviridae. Choice D is incorrect as measles virus can be grown on cell cultures, specifically on Vero cells.