Nokea
T regulatory cells are NOT
- A. Generated in the thymus upon expression of Foxp3
- B. Generated in the periphery in response to cytokines
- C. Able to inhibit effector T cells
- D. Able to cause immunity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because T regulatory cells are known to suppress immune responses and promote immune tolerance, which is opposite to causing immunity. Choice A is incorrect because T regulatory cells are indeed generated in the thymus upon expression of Foxp3. Choice B is incorrect as T regulatory cells can also be generated in the periphery in response to cytokines. Choice C is incorrect as T regulatory cells are known to inhibit effector T cells to regulate immune responses.
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Which of the following statements is NOT true? The SARS coronavirus
- A. Caused an epidemic in 2003 that registered 10% mortality rate
- B. Caused an acute infection of the lungs classified as acute respiratory distress syndrome
- C. Is also the causal agent of MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)
- D. Is thought to have been transmitted from bats to civets and from civets to humans
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the statement that SARS coronavirus is also the causal agent of MERS is false. MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) is caused by a different coronavirus called MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV caused the 2003 epidemic with a 10% mortality rate, which aligns with statement A. Statement B is correct as SARS-CoV does cause an acute infection of the lungs known as acute respiratory distress syndrome. Statement D is also true as SARS-CoV is believed to have been transmitted from bats to civets and then to humans. Therefore, the incorrect statement is C.
Which of the following correctly explains an epitope?
- A. Region of antibody that binds with antigen
- B. Region of antigen that elicit secretion of specific antibody
- C. Heavy chain of an antibody
- D. V-region of the light chain of antibody
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Explanation:
An epitope is a specific region on an antigen that elicits the immune response and triggers the production of a specific antibody. Therefore, choice B is correct as it accurately defines an epitope. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe what an epitope is. Choice A refers to the paratope, the region of the antibody that binds to the epitope. Choice C refers to a component of the antibody structure, and choice D refers to a specific region of the antibody structure.
A 21-year-old patient says no one in his family has type 1 diabetes mellitus but he has had it since childhood. He asks how his diabetes was transmitted to him. The nurse should explain to him that this disease is
- A. a single gene disorder
- B. a chromosome disorder
- C. an acquired genetic disorder
- D. a multifactorial genetic disorder
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is considered a multifactorial genetic disorder influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors rather than being caused by a single gene or chromosome.
A cytokine essential for clonal expansion of T cells is
- A. IL-1
- B. IL-2
- C. IL4
- D. IL-5
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IL-2. IL-2 is essential for the clonal expansion of T cells as it promotes T cell proliferation. It is produced by activated T cells themselves and plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses. IL-1 is involved in inflammation, not T cell expansion. IL-4 is important for Th2 cell differentiation, while IL-5 is critical for eosinophil activation. In summary, IL-2 specifically promotes T cell clonal expansion, making it the correct choice in this context.
What are the three main principles of adaptive immunity?
- A. Respond, Replace, Repair
- B. Recognize, Respond, Remember
- C. Resist, Retain, Recruit
- D. React, Replicate, Restore
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The three main principles of adaptive immunity are Recognize, Respond, Remember.
1. Recognize: Immune system identifies specific pathogens through antigen recognition.
2. Respond: Immune response is triggered to eliminate the pathogen.
3. Remember: Immune system forms memory cells for faster and stronger response upon re-exposure.
Other options are incorrect:
A: Respond, Replace, Repair - Incorrect as it does not reflect the key processes of adaptive immunity.
C: Resist, Retain, Recruit - Incorrect as these terms do not accurately describe the adaptive immune response.
D: React, Replicate, Restore - Incorrect as it does not encompass the essential principles of adaptive immunity.