Nokea
The site where B cells mature is
- A. Lymph nodes (LN)
- B. Spleen
- C. Bone marrow
- D. Thymus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bone marrow. B cells undergo maturation in the bone marrow, where they develop from hematopoietic stem cells. This is where they acquire their antigen receptors and differentiate into mature B cells. Lymph nodes (A) are primarily responsible for filtering lymph and containing immune cells. The spleen (B) is involved in filtering blood and storing immune cells. The thymus (D) is where T cells mature, not B cells. Therefore, the correct site for B cell maturation is the bone marrow.
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The nurse is caring for a patient with an infection. Which immunoglobulin should the nurse understand is produced first when an infection occurs?
- A. IgD
- B. IgE
- C. IgG
- D. IgM
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why IgM is the correct answer:
1. IgM is the first immunoglobulin produced in response to an infection.
2. It is the largest immunoglobulin and is effective in agglutinating pathogens.
3. IgM activates the complement system to enhance immune response.
4. IgG is produced later in the immune response and provides long-term immunity.
5. IgD and IgE have specific roles but are not the initial immunoglobulins produced in response to infection.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- A. Located outside the CNS
- B. Consists of Nerves and Ganglia
- C. Brain & Spinal cord
- D. A& b
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes nerves and ganglia, making choice B correct.
2. PNS is located outside the Central Nervous System (CNS), supporting choice A.
3. Since both A and B are accurate statements, the correct answer is D.
Summary:
- Choice A is correct because the PNS is located outside the CNS.
- Choice B is correct as the PNS includes nerves and ganglia.
- Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the CNS (Brain & Spinal cord).
What is hyperkalemia frequently associated with?
- A. Hypoglycemia
- B. Metabolic acidosis
- C. Respiratory alkalosis
- D. Decreased urine potassium levels
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metabolic acidosis increases hydrogen ion exchange for potassium in cells, releasing potassium into the bloodstream and causing hyperkalemia.
Which of the following statements is false about dendritic cells
- A. Found in tissues
- B. Are sessile cells only found in lymph nodes
- C. Express high levels of MHC molecules
- D. Best at activating naïve T cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because dendritic cells are not only found in lymph nodes but also in tissues. These cells are antigen-presenting cells that capture and present antigens to T cells. A, C, and D are true statements about dendritic cells: A) They are found in tissues, C) They express high levels of MHC molecules for antigen presentation, and D) They are best at activating naive T cells due to their ability to prime adaptive immune responses.
The MMR (Measles, MUMPs, Rubella) vaccine has been the object of controversy after a report (lately declared fraudulent) of an association with development of:
- A. Multiple sclerosis
- B. Autism
- C. Encephalitis
- D. Epilepsy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Autism. The controversy surrounding the MMR vaccine and autism emerged from a fraudulent report that falsely claimed a link between the two. Numerous scientific studies have since debunked this association, confirming the safety of the MMR vaccine. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex etiology, involving genetic and environmental factors, but not vaccines. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as there is no proven causal link between the MMR vaccine and multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, or epilepsy.