Nokea
What role do cytokines play in innate immunity?
- A. They directly kill pathogens
- B. They act as signaling molecules to coordinate immune responses
- C. They only function in adaptive immunity
- D. They inhibit phagocytosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because cytokines act as signaling molecules to coordinate immune responses in innate immunity. They help regulate inflammation, activate immune cells, and promote clearance of pathogens. Option A is incorrect because cytokines do not directly kill pathogens. Option C is incorrect as cytokines play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Option D is incorrect because cytokines do not inhibit phagocytosis; instead, they enhance this process to help eliminate pathogens.
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What is the primary goal of palliative care in cancer treatment?
- A. Cure the disease
- B. Extend life expectancy
- C. Relieve suffering and improve quality of life
- D. Prevent disease recurrence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Palliative care focuses on relieving suffering and improving quality of life for patients with advanced cancer.
Which of the following statements about the 2009 H1N1 pandemic is NOT true
- A. Caused by a virus originated from 4 different strains
- B. Individuals over 60 were especially affected
- C. A level 6 pandemic phase was declared by WHO in June 2009
- D. 2009 H1N1 is considered moderately virulent in terms of severity of disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Individuals over 60 were not especially affected by the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. This is because older individuals had some level of immunity due to previous exposure to similar strains. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The 2009 H1N1 virus originated from a combination of 2 different strains, not 4. C: WHO declared a level 6 pandemic phase in June 2009. D: The 2009 H1N1 virus was considered less virulent compared to other strains.
The patient is transferring from another facility with the description of a sore on her sacrum that is deep enough to see the muscle. What stage of pressure ulcer does the nurse expect to see on admission?
- A. Stage I
- B. Stage II
- C. Stage III
- D. Stage IV
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Stage IV pressure ulcers involve full-thickness tissue loss, exposing muscle, tendon, or bone.
What is the medical term for an abnormal accumulation of blood in a tissue or organ?
- A. Hematoma
- B. Thrombosis
- C. Embolus
- D. Hemorrhage
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hematoma. A hematoma is an abnormal collection of blood within tissues. This occurs due to broken blood vessels and can lead to swelling and localized pain. Thrombosis (B) is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel, not an accumulation of blood in tissue. An embolus (C) is a blood clot that travels through the bloodstream and gets lodged in a blood vessel. Hemorrhage (D) refers to the excessive bleeding from blood vessels. In this case, the most appropriate term for an abnormal accumulation of blood in a tissue is hematoma.
What is the role of innate immunity in relation to adaptive immunity?
- A. It suppresses adaptive immunity
- B. It instructs and activates adaptive immunity
- C. It replaces adaptive immunity during infections
- D. It functions independently of adaptive immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because innate immunity instructs and activates adaptive immunity. Innate immunity serves as the first line of defense against pathogens, recognizing and initiating a response to pathogens. It then communicates with adaptive immunity, providing signals and antigens to activate and guide the adaptive immune response. This collaboration is crucial for the effective elimination of pathogens. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because innate immunity does not suppress, replace, or function independently of adaptive immunity; rather, they work together in a coordinated manner to provide a comprehensive immune response.