Endocrinology Exam Questions

Endocrinology Exam Questions Related

Review Endocrinology Exam Questions related questions and content

Tetany is characterized by all of the following signs except:

  • A. Trousseau's sign
  • B. Tinel's sign
  • C. Erb's sign
  • D. Peroneal sign
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Tetany is a condition characterized by involuntary muscle spasms and contractions due to low levels of calcium in the blood. The signs associated with tetany include Trousseau's sign, which is the carpal spasm elicited by inflating a blood pressure cuff above systolic pressure, and Chvostek's sign, which is the facial muscle spasm elicited by tapping on the facial nerve. Peroneal sign is not specifically associated with tetany but can be seen in conditions like peroneal nerve injury. Erb's sign, on the other hand, is not a recognized sign of tetany. It is associated with Erb's palsy, a condition resulting from injury to the brachial plexus nerves, typically during childbirth. Tinel's sign, which is a tingling sensation elicited by tapping over a compressed nerve, is also not a characteristic sign of tetany.

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Increased serum aldosterone level is not associated with:

  • A. Hypertension
  • B. Hypernatraernia
  • C. Hypokalaemia
  • D. Metabolic acidosis
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Increased serum aldosterone level is typically associated with conditions such as Conn's syndrome or primary hyperaldosteronism. These conditions lead to an excess of aldosterone, which results in increased sodium resorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys. This imbalance can lead to hypertension (Choice A), hypernatraernia (elevated sodium level) (Choice B), and hypokalaemia (low potassium level) (Choice C). However, metabolic acidosis (Choice D) is not directly associated with increased aldosterone levels. Instead, metabolic acidosis may be seen in conditions like renal tubular acidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis.

Which of the following are causes of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

  • A. Sheehan's syndrome
  • B. Lithium
  • C. Mutations in the vasopressin (ADH) receptor gene
  • D. Mutations in vasopressin gene
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a condition where the kidneys are unable to respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) as they should, leading to excessive urination and extreme thirst. One of the main causes of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is the use of certain medications, with lithium being the most common culprit. Lithium can interfere with the kidney's response to ADH, resulting in decreased water reabsorption and the characteristic symptoms of diabetes insipidus. Other causes of NDI can include genetic mutations affecting the vasopressin receptor gene or other underlying conditions such as hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, or obstructive uropathy.

Hormones are:

  • A. biologically inert by themselves.
  • B. used as an energy source
  • C. incorporated as a structural moiety into another molecule
  • D. always stored in secretory granules
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by various glands in the body and released into the bloodstream to signal and regulate the activity of specific target cells. Unlike energy sources that can be metabolized for energy production (like carbohydrates and fats), hormones are not typically used as an energy source themselves (Choice B). Hormones are typically not biologically inert by themselves (Choice A), as they have specific functions in regulating various physiological processes in the body. While some hormones may be stored in secretory granules before release, not all hormones are stored in this manner (Choice D). Additionally, hormones are not always released by exocytosis (Choice E), as some hormones can also be released through other mechanisms such as diffusion. The correct choice, therefore, is C: hormones are incorporated as a structural moiety into another molecule, as they bind to specific receptors on target cells to elicit a cellular response and regulate physiological functions.

All of the following are features of Conn's syndrome except:

  • A. Alkalosis
  • B. Hyperkalemia
  • C. Muscle cramps
  • D. Severe systemic hypertension
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Conn's syndrome, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism, is characterized by excess production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands. This leads to increased sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidneys. As a result, patients with Conn's syndrome typically present with hypokalemia (low potassium levels), not hyperkalemia (high potassium levels). The other features of Conn's syndrome include alkalosis (metabolic), muscle cramps, and severe systemic hypertension.

Which of the following are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

  • A. Tremor
  • B. Weight gain
  • C. Heat intolerance
  • D. Diarrhoea
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Tremor (A): Tremors or shaky hands are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism. This is due to the increased metabolic rate caused by excess thyroid hormone in the body.

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