Nokea
The activation of B cells in humoral immunity is assisted by which of the following?
- A. Cytotoxic T cells
- B. Suppressor T cells
- C. Helper T cells
- D. Neutrophils
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In humoral immunity, the activation of B cells is facilitated by helper T cells. Helper T cells play a crucial role in coordinating the immune response by interacting with B cells. They secrete cytokines that stimulate B cells to proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Without the assistance of helper T cells, the activation of B cells and the production of antibodies would be impaired. Cytotoxic T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, supressor T cells regulate immune response, and neutrophils are involved in phagocytosis and innate immunity, but they do not directly assist in B cell activation in humoral immunity.
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For a patient who is being discharged on digoxin, the nurse should include which of the ff. in an explanation to the patient on the signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity?
- A. Poor appetite
- B. Halos around lights
- C. Constipation
- D. Tachycardia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Digoxin toxicity can manifest in various ways, but one common sign is the presence of visual disturbances such as seeing halos around lights. This is due to digoxin's effect on the optic nerve. Patients experiencing halos around lights should seek medical attention promptly as it may indicate a serious reaction to the medication. The other options (poor appetite, constipation, tachycardia) may occur with digoxin toxicity as well, but the visual disturbance of halos around lights is a classic and important sign to be aware of.
The nurse is teaching parents about signs of digoxin (Lanoxin) toxicity. Which is a common sign of digoxin toxicity?
- A. Seizures
- B. Vomiting
- C. Bradypnea
- D. Tachycardia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Tachycardia, which is an abnormally fast heart rate, is a common sign of digoxin toxicity. Digoxin has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning there is a narrow range between a therapeutic dose and a toxic dose. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can manifest in the cardiovascular system, such as tachycardia, as well as in other systems of the body. Tachycardia is often seen in cases of digoxin toxicity due to its effects on the heart's electrical conduction system. Other common signs of digoxin toxicity include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, confusion, and arrhythmias. It is crucial for healthcare providers to monitor patients receiving digoxin closely and educate them about the signs and symptoms of toxicity to prevent adverse outcomes.
The basic principle of healthy sleep hygiene which is NOT included is
- A. set routine
- B. avoid stimulating activities as playing computer games
- C. makes sure child spends time outside every day
- D. gives a heavy meal within an hour of bedtime
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Heavy meals close to bedtime disrupt sleep.
A client has malignant lymphoma. As part of her chemotherapy, the physician prescribes chlorambucil (Leukeran), 10mg by mouth daily. When caring for the client, the nurse teaches her about adverse reactions to chlorambucil, such as alopecia. How soon after the first administration of chorambucil might this reaction occur?
- A. Immediately
- B. 2 to 3 weeks
- C. 1 week
- D. 1 month
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Alopecia (hair loss) is a common adverse reaction to chlorambucil, which typically occurs within 2 to 3 weeks of starting treatment. This is because chemotherapy drugs like chlorambucil target rapidly dividing cells, which also includes hair follicles leading to hair loss. Patients should be informed about this potential side effect so that they can be prepared for it and explore options like wearing wigs or scarves if they wish.
By the age of 7 months, the infant is able to do all the following EXCEPT
- A. transfer object from hand to hand
- B. actively bounces
- C. uses radial palm grasp
- D. roll over
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rolling over is usually achieved earlier, by 4-6 months, while other skills are typical for 7 months.