Nokea
The adaptive immune response:
- A. Is dependent on the innate immune response for initiation
- B. Involves both humoral and cell-mediated responses
- C. Provides cytokines that influence the response of innate cells, i.e. macrophages
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the adaptive immune response relies on the initiation by the innate immune response (A), involves both humoral (antibody production) and cell-mediated (T cell activation) responses (B), and produces cytokines that can modulate the activity of innate immune cells like macrophages (C). Therefore, all of the statements are true regarding the adaptive immune response, making option D the correct choice.
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"Hamburger disease" is caused by
- A. Helicobacter pylori
- B. Salmonella typhimurium
- C. A strain of E. coli
- D. Shigella flexneri
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: A strain of E. coli. "Hamburger disease" is commonly caused by E. coli O157:H7, a strain of Escherichia coli bacteria found in undercooked ground beef. This strain can lead to severe foodborne illness. Helicobacter pylori (Choice A) is associated with stomach ulcers, not hamburger disease. Salmonella typhimurium (Choice B) and Shigella flexneri (Choice D) are both known to cause food poisoning, but they are not typically linked to hamburger disease specifically. In this case, the unique association between E. coli O157:H7 and undercooked ground beef makes Choice C the correct answer.
The nurse is caring for a patient who is experiencing an immune response involving B and T cells. Which type of immunity is the patient demonstrating?
- A. Passive immunity
- B. Humoral immunity
- C. Acquired immunity
- D. Cell-mediated immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Humoral immunity. Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies to target pathogens. B cells are responsible for producing antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph to neutralize pathogens. This type of immunity is specific to antigens and is a key component of the adaptive immune response. Passive immunity (A) is when antibodies are transferred from one individual to another, not involving B and T cells directly. Acquired immunity (C) is a broad term encompassing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Cell-mediated immunity (D) involves T cells directly targeting infected cells, not B cells producing antibodies.
What type of receptor is found on B cells for antigen recognition?
- A. T cell receptor (TCR)
- B. B cell receptor (BCR)
- C. Fc receptor
- D. Complement receptor
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because B cells express B cell receptors (BCR) on their surface for recognizing antigens. BCRs consist of immunoglobulin molecules that bind specifically to antigens. T cell receptors (A) are found on T cells, not B cells. Fc receptors (C) bind to the Fc region of antibodies, while complement receptors (D) recognize complement proteins, not antigens. Therefore, the BCR is the specific receptor on B cells for antigen recognition.
What is the medical term for the breakdown of red blood cells?
- A. Leukocytosis
- B. Thrombocytosis
- C. Hemolysis
- D. Anemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hemolysis. Hemolysis is the medical term for the breakdown of red blood cells. This process releases hemoglobin and other components into the bloodstream. Leukocytosis (A) is an increase in white blood cells, thrombocytosis (B) is an increase in platelets, and anemia (D) is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin levels. In this context, hemolysis specifically refers to the breakdown of red blood cells, making it the correct answer.
Which disease is an example of Type V hypersensitivity?
- A. Multiple sclerosis
- B. Grave's disease
- C. Rheumatoid arthritis
- D. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Grave's disease, for Type V hypersensitivity. In Type V hypersensitivity, antibodies target cell surface receptors, leading to abnormal stimulation or blockage. In Grave's disease, antibodies target the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, leading to excessive thyroid hormone production. Multiple sclerosis (A) is an example of Type IV hypersensitivity involving T cell-mediated response. Rheumatoid arthritis (C) is an example of Type III hypersensitivity involving immune complex deposition. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (D) is an example of Type II hypersensitivity involving antibody-mediated destruction of cells.