Nokea
Which of the following is NOT a feature of adaptive immunity?
- A. Slow response compared to innate immunity
- B. Highly specific recognition of antigens
- C. Memory function
- D. Present at birth
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Present at birth. Adaptive immunity is not present at birth; it develops over time in response to exposure to pathogens. A: Adaptive immunity has a slower response compared to innate immunity as it requires activation and proliferation of specific immune cells. B: Adaptive immunity is highly specific in recognizing antigens through antigen receptors on T and B cells. C: Adaptive immunity has memory function, allowing the immune system to "remember" previous encounters with specific pathogens for a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure.
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Which of the following statements best characterizes an antibody?
- A. An antibody contains high molecular weight RNA as its basic structure.
- B. An antibody is composed of protein and cannot be distinguished from the albumin fraction of the serum proteins.
- C. An antibody is composed of four identical protein subunits which may be caused to dissociate by treatment with urea.
- D. An antibody contains protein as its major chemical component and its synthesis may be elicited by the administration of a foreign protein or polysaccharide.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer D:
1. Antibodies are composed mainly of proteins, specifically immunoglobulins.
2. Antibodies are synthesized in response to foreign proteins or polysaccharides, known as antigens.
3. This process involves B cells recognizing antigens and producing antibodies.
4. The statement accurately reflects the nature of antibody structure and synthesis.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: Antibodies do not contain RNA as their basic structure; they are primarily composed of proteins.
B: Antibodies can be distinguished from albumin fraction as they have specific functions in the immune system.
C: Antibodies consist of two heavy and two light chains, not four identical protein subunits, and are not typically dissociated by urea.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the constant region of a T cell receptor?
- A. Mediates antigen binding
- B. Anchors the receptor in the T cell membrane
- C. Interacts with MHC molecules
- D. Structurally diverse amongst all T cell receptors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Anchors the receptor in the T cell membrane. The constant region of a T cell receptor is responsible for anchoring the receptor in the T cell membrane, providing stability and structural support. This region does not mediate antigen binding (choice A), as that function is carried out by the variable region. It also does not directly interact with MHC molecules (choice C), which is primarily the role of the variable region. Lastly, the constant region is not structurally diverse amongst T cell receptors (choice D), as it remains relatively consistent within a specific T cell subtype.
Which of the following is not required for full activation of a naïve lymphocyte?
- A. Migration into an inflammatory site
- B. Costimulatory signalling
- C. Cytokines
- D. Recognition of specific antigen
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Naïve lymphocytes require activation through recognition of specific antigen, costimulatory signaling, and cytokines. Migration into an inflammatory site is not a requirement for full activation. Naïve lymphocytes can be activated in secondary lymphoid organs where antigen presentation occurs. Migration to inflammatory sites occurs after activation to fight infections.
When assessing a client with autoimmune disorder,what signs should the nurse look for in the client?
- A. Hypotension
- B. Localized inflammation
- C. Hives or rashes
- D. Cramping and vomiting
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Localized inflammation is a common sign of autoimmune disorders,as the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues.
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with anaphylaxis?
- A. Sudden drop in blood pressure
- B. Massive edema
- C. Severe bronchoconstriction
- D. T cell apoptosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: T cell apoptosis. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that involves a rapid immune response. T cell apoptosis is not a typical symptom of anaphylaxis.
Rationale:
1. A: Sudden drop in blood pressure is associated with anaphylaxis due to systemic vasodilation.
2. B: Massive edema is common in anaphylaxis due to increased vascular permeability.
3. C: Severe bronchoconstriction is a hallmark of anaphylaxis, leading to respiratory distress.
4. D: T cell apoptosis is not a characteristic feature of anaphylaxis. T cells play a role in adaptive immunity, not the immediate hypersensitivity reaction seen in anaphylaxis.
Summary:
T cell apoptosis is not typically associated with anaphylaxis, unlike the other symptoms listed which are common manifestations of this severe allergic reaction.