Nokea
The appropriate time to perform external cephalic version in a breech presentation is at
- A. 36 gestational weeks
- B. 38 gestational weeks
- C. 40 gestational weeks
- D. 42 gestational weeks
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: External cephalic version is most successful when performed between 36 and 37 weeks.
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Dwarfism is associated with
- A. Polydactylism
- B. Achondroplasia
- C. Syndactylism
- D. Talipes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dwarfism is typically associated with achondroplasia, a genetic disorder affecting bone growth.
The AGACNP knows that when evaluating a patient with suspected acute pyelonephritis, which of the following is not a common feature?
- A. Pyuria
- B. Fever
- C. CVA tenderness
- D. Gross hematuria
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: While pyuria, fever, and CVA tenderness are common features of acute pyelonephritis, gross hematuria is less commonly associated with this condition. In acute pyelonephritis, the inflammatory process primarily affects the renal parenchyma and pelvis, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, flank pain, pyuria (presence of pus in the urine), and CVA tenderness (tenderness over the costovertebral angle). Hematuria in acute pyelonephritis is more likely to be microscopic rather than gross.
Achalasia is a risk factor for
- A. Squamous cell carcinoma
- B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- C. Esophageal atrophy
- D. Malabsorption syndromes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Achalasia is a motility disorder characterized by the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, resulting in difficulty swallowing and impaired movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach. Patients with achalasia have an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. This risk is due to chronic inflammation, stasis of food in the esophagus, and increased exposure of esophageal mucosa to irritants, all of which can contribute to the development of cancer over time. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Choice B) is less likely to be associated with achalasia because the impaired esophageal motility in achalasia results in decreased, rather than increased, reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. Esophageal atrophy (Choice C) and malabsorption syndromes (Choice D) are not directly related to achalasia.
Uterus hypotonicity is likely to lead to prolonged labor due to
- A. Incoordination of the uterus muscle fibers during a contraction
- B. Maternal exhaustion because of improper preparation for labor
- C. Weak receptors thus not strong enough to signal enough contraction
- D. Inadequate pelvis thus not able to stimulate enough uterine contractions
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Uterus hypotonicity results in poor coordination of muscle fibers, leading to ineffective contractions.
When resuscitating an asphyxiated baby, the purpose of ensuring adequate ventilation prior to administration of sodium bicarbonate is because
- A. The drug decreases carbon dioxide tension
- B. The drug increases carbon dioxide tension
- C. The drug is effective in the correction of metabolic acidosis
- D. The drug is effective in the correction of metabolic alkalosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sodium bicarbonate is used to correct metabolic acidosis, not to influence carbon dioxide levels directly.