Nokea
The bacteria that cause Lyme disease is:
- A. Treponema pallidum
- B. Borrelia burgdorferi
- C. Leptospira interrogans
- D. Rickettsia rickettsii
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Borrelia burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi is the bacteria responsible for causing Lyme disease. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black-legged ticks. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis, Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis, and Rickettsia rickettsii causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Borrelia burgdorferi is specifically associated with Lyme disease due to its transmission through tick bites and the characteristic symptoms it causes.
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Infectious disease' is:
- A. Clinical term
- B. A term expressing the possibility of developing certain symptoms in an infection
- C. A+B
- D. No correct answer
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because "Infectious disease" is a combination of both a clinical term (A) and a term expressing the possibility of developing certain symptoms in an infection (B). Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, that can spread directly or indirectly from person to person. Therefore, the term encompasses both the clinical aspect of the disease and the potential symptoms that may manifest in an infected individual. Choices A and B alone do not fully capture the comprehensive definition of infectious disease, making C the correct answer. Choice D is incorrect as there is a correct answer in this case.
Bacterial endotoxins are:
- A. proteins in the cell wall
- B. secreted into the environment
- C. components of the gram-positive cell wall
- D. components of the gram-negative cell wall
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: components of the gram-negative cell wall. Bacterial endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. They are released upon bacterial cell lysis and can cause severe immune responses.
A: Proteins in the cell wall - This is incorrect because endotoxins are not proteins but rather lipopolysaccharides.
B: Secreted into the environment - Endotoxins are not actively secreted but are released upon cell death or lysis.
C: Components of the gram-positive cell wall - Gram-positive bacteria do not have an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides, so endotoxins are not found in the gram-positive cell wall.
Which of the following eyewash/safety showers should be used for immediate flushing only, until the victim reaches another safety unit?
- A. Emergency shower
- B. Personal eyewash
- C. Handheld drench hose
- D. Combination unit
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Personal eyewash. Personal eyewash is designed for immediate flushing until the victim reaches a more suitable safety unit. It provides a controlled flow of water to safely flush eyes while transporting the victim. The emergency shower (A) is meant for full-body coverage, not just for the eyes. Handheld drench hose (C) may not provide adequate flushing pressure. Combination unit (D) may not be easily portable for immediate use.
Infections of Legionella pneumophila are treated with:
- A. Penicillins and cephalosporins
- B. Ethambutol and isoniazid
- C. Macrolides or fluoroquinolones
- D. Second and third generation cephalosporins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Macrolides or fluoroquinolones. Legionella pneumophila is a bacterium that causes Legionnaires' disease, a severe form of pneumonia. Macrolides (like azithromycin) and fluoroquinolones (like levofloxacin) are the recommended first-line treatments due to their ability to penetrate into lung tissues where Legionella infects. Penicillins and cephalosporins (choice A) are not effective against Legionella as it is intracellular and resistant to these antibiotics. Ethambutol and isoniazid (choice B) are used to treat tuberculosis, not Legionella infections. Second and third generation cephalosporins (choice D) are also not effective against Legionella. Therefore, the best choice for treating Legionella pneumophila infections is macrolides or fluoroquinolones.
Beadlike chains of cocci formed after cell division along a single axis are called:
- A. diplococci
- B. streptococci
- C. tetrads
- D. sarcinae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: streptococci. This term refers to beadlike chains of cocci formed after cell division along a single axis. "Diplococci" (A) are pairs of cocci, "tetrads" (C) are groups of four cocci, and "sarcinae" (D) are cube-like groups of eight cocci. Streptococci is the most appropriate term for describing the specific arrangement mentioned in the question.