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The balancing equation is
- A. P1+(B-D)+(I-E)=P2
- B. P1-(B-D)-(I-E)=P2
- C. P2+(B-D)+(I-E)=P1
- D. P1+P1(B-D)+P1(I-E)=P2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The balancing equation for population change is P1 + (B-D) + (I-E) = P2, where B is births, D is deaths, I is in-migration, and E is out-migration.
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Suggest other examples of how epidemiology might be applied to study the causality of disease.
- A. Investigating the link between air pollution and respiratory diseases.
- B. Studying the impact of diet on cardiovascular health.
- C. Examining the relationship between smoking and lung cancer.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Epidemiology can study disease causality in various contexts, including environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and behavioral risks.
A local health department epidemiologist investigated an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness thought to be associated with a college cafeteria. There were many complaints about the quality of the cafeteria's offerings, and it appeared that the students' worst expectations were confirmed when several students visited the college's infirmary during the middle of the night and the following day complaining of nausea, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and cramps. The health department's investigation revealed that 24 students had eaten in the cafeteria immediately before the outbreak. The times between eating in the cafeteria and the development of active symptoms ranged from 20 to 36 hours. A list of foods eaten, the number of persons eating the foods, and tabulations of illness are presented in Appendix 12. Fill in the attack rates where indicated. On the basis of your calculations, answer the following questions: What food or foods would you suspect caused the problem?
- A. Chicken salad
- B. Potato salad
- C. Both A and B
- D. Neither A nor B
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: High attack rates for both chicken and potato salads suggest they were contaminated.
A case definition during an outbreak investigation should specify:
- A. Clinical features
- B. Time
- C. Place
- D. Person
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A good case definition includes clinical criteria and details on time, place, and person to ensure consistent identification of cases.
John Snow located source of
- A. cholera
- B. typhoid
- C. plague
- D. All
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: John Snow is famous for identifying the source of a cholera outbreak in London.
SAP stands for
- A. reducing public sector subsidy
- B. increasing public sector subsidy
- C. increasing government sector subsidy
- D. none
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) often aim at reducing public sector subsidies.