Nokea
First and foremost, element of PHC is
- A. Immunization
- B. FP/MCH
- C. Health education
- D. Provision of safe drinking water
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Health education is considered the cornerstone and first element of Primary Health Care (PHC).
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Which of the following is unrelated to the chi square test of significance?
- A. Degree of freedom
- B. Life table
- C. Significance level
- D. Qualitative data
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Life tables are not directly related to chi-square tests, which assess qualitative data associations.
Which surveillance can watch for disease before patient seeks care?
- A. Surveillance based on a specific case definition for a disease(e.g., listeriosis).
- B. Syndromic surveillance based on symptoms, signs, or other characteristics of a disease.
- C. Both.
- D. Neither.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Syndromic surveillance detects outbreaks based on early symptoms reported even before patients seek medical care.
Among the routine vaccine of EPI which one is most sensitive to heat
- A. TT
- B. Measles
- C. Polio
- D. DPT
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The oral polio vaccine (OPV) is highly sensitive to heat, requiring careful storage in a cold chain.
Identify the type of study design described: The physical examination records of the incoming first-year class of 1935 at the University of Minnesota are examined in 1980 to see whether the freshmen's recorded height and weight at the time of admission to the university were related to their chance of developing coronary heart disease by 1981.
- A. Cohort study
- B. Case-control study
- C. Cross-sectional study
- D. Ecological study
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This retrospective analysis constitutes a cohort study linking baseline characteristics to future outcomes.
A local health department epidemiologist investigated an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness thought to be associated with a college cafeteria. There were many complaints about the quality of the cafeteria's offerings, and it appeared that the students' worst expectations were confirmed when several students visited the college's infirmary during the middle of the night and the following day complaining of nausea, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and cramps. The health department's investigation revealed that 24 students had eaten in the cafeteria immediately before the outbreak. The times between eating in the cafeteria and the development of active symptoms ranged from 20 to 36 hours. A list of foods eaten, the number of persons eating the foods, and tabulations of illness are presented in Appendix 12. Fill in the attack rates where indicated. On the basis of your calculations, answer the following questions: What food or foods would you suspect caused the problem?
- A. Chicken salad
- B. Potato salad
- C. Both A and B
- D. Neither A nor B
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: High attack rates for both chicken and potato salads suggest they were contaminated.