Nokea
The Calvin cycle:
- A. is a C5 pathway
- B. is used by all photoautotrophic microorganisms
- C. is a C4 pathway
- D. is a dark reaction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Calvin cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts during photosynthesis. It occurs in the dark phase (without direct light requirement), making choice D correct. Choice A is incorrect because the Calvin cycle is a C3 pathway, not C5. Choice B is incorrect because not all photoautotrophic microorganisms use the Calvin cycle; some use alternative pathways. Choice C is incorrect because C4 pathway is a different photosynthetic pathway that occurs in certain plants to minimize photorespiration.
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Which of the following statements is NOT true
- A. During T cell development the decision to become a CD4 or a CD8 positive cell is a random event
- B. During T cell differentiation the decision to become a TH1 or a TH2 cell CD4+ is a random event
- C. TH2 CD4+ cells secrete IL-4
- D. IL-10 is TH2 polarizing cytokine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: During T cell differentiation, the decision to become a TH1 or a TH2 cell CD4+ is not a random event. This is because T cell differentiation into TH1 or TH2 cells is guided by specific signals from the environment, such as cytokines present during activation. TH1 cells are induced by IL-12 and IFN-gamma, while TH2 cells are induced by IL-4. This process is not random but rather a result of specific signaling cues.
A: During T cell development, the decision to become a CD4 or a CD8 positive cell is not a random event. It is determined by interactions with thymic stromal cells and the T cell receptor.
C: TH2 CD4+ cells do secrete IL-4, so this statement is true.
D: IL-10 is not a TH2 polarizing cytokine; rather, it is known to have regulatory functions in immune responses.
Which of the following is correct about lectin receptors?
- A. They recognize microbial carbohydrates
- B. They are expressed on phagocytes
- C. They can be classified as pattern recognition receptors
- D. All of the above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D - All of the above. Lectin receptors recognize microbial carbohydrates, are expressed on phagocytes, and can be classified as pattern recognition receptors. Lectins are proteins that bind specifically to certain carbohydrates, allowing them to recognize and interact with pathogens. Phagocytes express lectin receptors to help identify and engulf pathogens. Additionally, lectin receptors are considered pattern recognition receptors because they recognize specific patterns or structures commonly found on pathogens. Therefore, all three statements are true, making option D the correct answer.
Which of the following is correct with respect to measles:
- A. Outbreaks of the disease have recently occurred in developed countries as a consequence of decreased vaccination rates
- B. The disease has been eradicated globally
- C. There is no effective vaccine for this disease
- D. The disease is now easily treated and has no known long-term effects
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Choice A: Outbreaks of measles in developed countries are due to decreased vaccination rates, leading to lower herd immunity. This is supported by data showing increasing cases in countries with vaccine hesitancy. Other choices are incorrect because B is false - measles has not been eradicated globally, C is false - there is an effective vaccine for measles, and D is false - measles can lead to severe complications and long-term effects, especially in unvaccinated individuals.
A patient who has received a kidney transplant has been admitted to the medical unit with acute rejection and is receiving IV cyclosporine (Sandimmune) and methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol). Which staff member is best to assign to care for this patient?
- A. An RN who floated to the medical unit from the coronary care unit for the day.
- B. An RN with 3 years of experience in the operating room who is orienting to the medical unit.
- C. An RN who has worked on the medical unit for 5 years and is working a double shift today.
- D. A new graduate RN who needs experience with IV medication administration.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: An experienced RN who is familiar with the medical unit and its protocols is the best choice for caring for a patient with acute rejection. This patient requires close monitoring and skilled care which an experienced RN can provide. The other options involve RNs who may not be as familiar with the unit or are less experienced.
What is included in the humoral immune response?
- A. Surveillance for malignant cell changes
- B. Production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins
- C. Direct attack of antigens by activated B lymphocytes
- D. Releasing cytokines responsible for destruction of antigens
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The humoral immune response involves the production of antigen-specific antibodies (immunoglobulins) by B cells, which neutralize pathogens.