Nokea
What is a primary characteristic of modern immunology?
- A. It relies solely on innate immunity concepts
- B. It builds on the pioneering work of Jenner, Pasteur, and others
- C. It focuses exclusively on tissue healing
- D. It is an ancient field of study with minimal current advancements
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because modern immunology indeed builds on the groundbreaking contributions of scientists like Jenner and Pasteur. Their work laid the foundation for understanding concepts like vaccination and immune responses. Choice A is incorrect because modern immunology encompasses both innate and adaptive immunity. Choice C is incorrect as immunology extends beyond tissue healing to include immune responses to pathogens and self-cells. Choice D is incorrect as immunology is a rapidly evolving field with significant advancements in understanding immune mechanisms and developing new treatments.
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The major histocompatibility complex was given its name because the genes in this complex influence:
- A. T cell receptor gene rearrangement
- B. Acceptance or rejection of transplanted organs and cells
- C. Polarization of T helper cells
- D. The ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in an individual
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a crucial role in the immune system by determining whether transplanted organs or cells will be accepted or rejected. MHC molecules present antigens to T cells, which then trigger an immune response leading to acceptance or rejection. Choice A is incorrect because T cell receptor gene rearrangement is not directly influenced by the MHC. Choice C is incorrect as MHC does not directly polarize T helper cells. Choice D is incorrect because MHC does not directly regulate the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in an individual.
Which TLR is primarily responsible for recognizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?
- A. TLR2
- B. TLR4
- C. TLR5
- D. TLR9
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: TLR4. TLR4 is primarily responsible for recognizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It forms a complex with MD-2 and CD14 to trigger downstream signaling pathways. TLR2 recognizes other microbial components such as lipoproteins. TLR5 recognizes flagellin, a component of bacterial flagella. TLR9 recognizes unmethylated CpG DNA motifs. Therefore, TLR4 is specifically involved in detecting LPS, making it the correct answer in this scenario.
Where do B cells mature?
- A. Bone marrow
- B. Thymus
- C. Spleen
- D. Lymph nodes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bone marrow. B cells mature in the bone marrow where they develop from hematopoietic stem cells. This process involves gene rearrangement and selection for self-tolerance. The bone marrow provides a microenvironment necessary for B cell development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the thymus is where T cells mature, the spleen is involved in immune responses but not B cell maturation, and lymph nodes are sites for immune cell activation and proliferation but not B cell maturation.
Which of these are a type of mutation?
- A. base substitution
- B. translocation
- C. insertion sequences
- D. recombination
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: recombination. Recombination is a type of mutation that involves the exchange of genetic material between two DNA molecules. This process can lead to genetic variation and evolution. Base substitution (A) is a point mutation where one base is replaced by another. Translocation (B) involves the movement of a segment of DNA to another location in the genome. Insertion sequences (C) are short segments of DNA that can move within the genome but are not considered a type of mutation. Recombination (D) is the only choice directly related to a type of mutation involving the exchange of genetic material.
The nurse notes that a patient's eosinophil level is elevated. For which health problem should the nurse plan care for this patient?
- A. Cancer
- B. Allergic reactions
- C. Acute viral infections
- D. Autoimmune diseases
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The elevated eosinophil level indicates an allergic reaction. Eosinophils are white blood cells involved in allergic responses. They increase in response to allergens. Allergic reactions involve the immune system's response to harmless substances, triggering the release of eosinophils. Cancer, acute viral infections, and autoimmune diseases typically do not directly cause eosinophil elevation. Therefore, the correct answer is B (Allergic reactions).