Nokea
The cell labeled H in the figure secretes which of the following hormones?
- A. renin
- B. progesterone
- C. aldosterone
- D. estrogen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: aldosterone. The cell labeled H is located in the adrenal gland zona glomerulosa, which secretes aldosterone. Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance by increasing reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys. Renin (A) is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells, progesterone (B) is produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands, and estrogen (D) is produced by the ovaries and placenta. None of these hormones are secreted by the cell labeled H.
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At what point in life does a female begin her monthly ovarian cycle?
- A. At birth
- B. At puberty
- C. At middle age
- D. At menopause
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: At puberty. The monthly ovarian cycle, also known as the menstrual cycle, begins at puberty when a female's body matures and starts ovulating. This is typically around the age of 11-14. At birth (A), females already have all their eggs but do not start ovulating until puberty. Middle age (C) refers to the period around 40-65, which is not when the cycle begins. Menopause (D) is the cessation of the menstrual cycle, marking the end of reproductive years, typically around the age of 45-55.
From fertilization to week 8 of proliferative phase of the uterine pregnancy, the conceptus is called (menstrual) cycle? ________.
- A. estrogens
- B. a fetus
- C. progesterones
- D. an embryo
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: an embryo. From fertilization to week 8 of the proliferative phase of uterine pregnancy, the conceptus is referred to as an embryo. This is because during this period, the fertilized egg undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation, leading to the formation of distinct embryonic structures and the beginning of organ development. The term "fetus" is used after the embryonic stage, typically from week 9 onwards. Choices A and C, estrogens and progesterones respectively, are hormones involved in regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining pregnancy but are not terms used to describe the developing conceptus itself during this specific timeframe.
The vascularization of the Fallopian tubes is provided by branches off the following artery:
- A. uterine;
- B. ovarian;
- C. external iliac;
- D. abdominal aorta;
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: uterine artery. The uterine artery provides blood supply to the Fallopian tubes. It arises from the internal iliac artery and gives off branches that vascularize the tubes. The ovarian artery primarily supplies blood to the ovaries, not the Fallopian tubes. The external iliac artery supplies the lower extremities, not the reproductive organs. The abdominal aorta is a main artery that gives rise to multiple branches supplying various organs, but it does not directly supply the Fallopian tubes.
Each menstrual cycle is considered as a period of ________
- A. 28 days
- B. 30 days
- C. 42 days
- D. 14 days
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 28 days because the average menstrual cycle length is typically around 28 days, although it can vary. The menstrual cycle consists of different phases such as menstruation, follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase, which collectively last around 28 days on average. Choice B (30 days), C (42 days), and D (14 days) are incorrect because they do not represent the typical duration of a menstrual cycle. It's important to note that individual variations in cycle length are common, but 28 days is considered a standard reference point.
The ovary:
- A. is a gland with mixed role;
- B. has exocrine role, secreting the female sexual hormones;
- C. has endocrine role, generating the ovules;
- D. represents the female gonad;
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the ovary is indeed the female gonad responsible for producing eggs and releasing female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone. This is its primary function, making it the most accurate choice. Choice A is incorrect as the ovary's main role is reproductive rather than mixed. Choice B is incorrect as the ovary secretes both female sex hormones and eggs, not just hormones. Choice C is incorrect as ovules are part of the female reproductive system but not the main function of the ovary.