Nokea
A woman in active labor experiences prolonged and severe pain in the lower back region, along with irregular contractions. What maternal condition should the nurse consider as a potential cause of abnormal labor progress?
- A. Occiput posterior fetal position
- B. Uterine hyperstimulation
- C. Maternal exhaustion
- D. Intrauterine infection
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An occiput posterior fetal position, where the baby's head is facing the mother's abdomen rather than her back, can lead to prolonged and severe back pain during labor. This position can cause irregular contractions and difficulty in descending through the birth canal, resulting in abnormal labor progress. The back pain experienced in this case is often intense due to the pressure exerted on the mother's lower back and may also be associated with intense back labor. It is essential for the nurse to recognize this potential issue and assist in maneuvers or positions to help the baby rotate to a more optimal position for delivery.
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Which of the following is a hallmark symptom of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?
- A. Pelvic pain
- B. Breast tenderness
- C. Postmenopausal bleeding
- D. Dyspareunia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Breast tenderness is a hallmark symptom of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which occurs in the days leading up to menstruation. This symptom is often associated with hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Women may experience increased sensitivity and soreness in their breasts, making them feel tender or swollen. It is a common symptom of PMS and can vary in severity from one individual to another. Pelvic pain, postmenopausal bleeding, and dyspareunia are not typically considered hallmark symptoms of PMS.
Whose responsibility is it to obtain informed consent?
- A. Nurse Manager
- B. Physician
- C. Anesthesiologist
- D. Midwife
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The responsibility of obtaining informed consent typically falls on the physician or the healthcare provider who is performing the procedure or treatment. Informed consent is a process where the healthcare provider explains the procedure, its risks, benefits, possible alternatives, and potential outcomes to the patient or their legal representative. The patient must have a comprehensive understanding of these aspects before agreeing to the treatment. While nurses, nurse managers, anesthesiologists, midwives, and other healthcare professionals may assist in the consent process by providing information or clarifications, the ultimate responsibility lies with the physician. This is because the physician is usually the one with the expertise and knowledge about the specific procedure or treatment being performed.
A patient presents with watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea after consuming contaminated water from a stream during a camping trip. Laboratory tests reveal oocysts in the stool sample. Which of the following parasites is most likely responsible for this infection?
- A. Giardia lamblia
- B. Entamoeba histolytica
- C. Cryptosporidium parvum
- D. Cyclospora cayetanensis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite often found in contaminated water sources. This parasite is known to cause watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea in infected individuals. The presence of oocysts in the stool sample is characteristic of Cryptosporidium infection. Other parasitic infections may present with similar symptoms, but in this case, the most likely culprit based on the exposure history and laboratory findings is Cryptosporidium parvum.
Which of the following structures is responsible for secreting bile, which aids in the emulsification and digestion of fats?
- A. Liver
- B. Gallbladder
- C. Pancreas
- D. Spleen
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The liver is responsible for secreting bile, which aids in the emulsification and digestion of fats. Bile is produced by the liver and is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine to help with the breakdown of fats during the digestion process. The gallbladder functions as a storage organ for bile produced by the liver. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to aid in the digestion process, while the spleen is mainly involved in immune function and blood storage.
The nurse asks the patient, "What do you fear MOST about your surgery tomorrow?" This is an example of which communication technique?
- A. Providing general leads
- B. Seeking clarification
- C. Summarizing
- D. Presenting reality
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In this scenario, the nurse is asking the patient to elaborate on their feelings and thoughts related to the upcoming surgery. By asking, "What do you fear MOST about your surgery tomorrow?" the nurse is seeking clarification to better understand the patient's concerns and enable effective communication. Seeking clarification involves asking open-ended questions that encourage the patient to express themselves more fully, allowing the healthcare provider to address their specific worries or needs more effectively.