Nokea
Which of the following salivary glands is located superior and anterior to the ear and produces mainly serous saliva?
- A. Parotid gland
- B. Sublingual gland
- C. Submandibular gland
- D. Submaxillary gland
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The parotid gland is the salivary gland that is located superior and anterior to the ear. It mainly produces serous saliva, which is a thin, watery fluid rich in enzymes. The other salivary glands mentioned are the sublingual gland, submandibular gland, and submaxillary gland, all of which have different locations and produce different types of saliva.
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A patient presents with unilateral facial paralysis, inability to close the eye on the affected side, and loss of taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?
- A. Bell's palsy
- B. Ramsay Hunt syndrome
- C. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia
- D. Acoustic neuroma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ramsay Hunt syndrome is caused by the varicella-zoster virus affecting the geniculate ganglion, leading to a triad of symptoms known as the Hunt syndrome: facial paralysis, ear pain, and a vesicular rash in the ear or palate. The facial paralysis in Ramsay Hunt syndrome is usually peripheral, similar to Bell's palsy, but may be more severe. In addition to facial paralysis, the patient may have the inability to close the eye on the affected side (lagophthalmos) and loss of taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue due to involvement of the chorda tympani nerve. This differentiation is important to consider in the context of our patient's presentation.
A document that lists the medical treatment a person chooses to refuse if unable to make decisions is the:
- A. Durable power of attorney
- B. Living will
- C. Informed consent
- D. Advance directives
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A living will is a legal document that allows an individual to express their wishes regarding medical treatment in the event they become unable to make decisions. It specifically outlines the medical treatments a person chooses to refuse or accept under certain circumstances. It is important to differentiate a living will from a durable power of attorney, which designates someone to make healthcare decisions on behalf of the individual when they are unable to do so, and advance directives, which encompass both a living will and a durable power of attorney for healthcare. The living will serves as a guide for healthcare professionals and family members to honor the individual's preferences for medical care.
A patient presents with a palpable, non-tender mass in the right neck, just below the angle of the mandible. Ultrasound imaging demonstrates a well-defined, hypoechoic lesion with cystic components. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?
- A. Branchial cleft cyst
- B. Thyroglossal duct cyst
- C. Lymphadenopathy
- D. Parotid gland tumor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The presentation of a palpable, non-tender mass in the right neck, just below the angle of the mandible, along with ultrasound imaging findings of a well-defined, hypoechoic lesion with cystic components, is classic for a branchial cleft cyst. Branchial cleft cysts are congenital anomalies that arise from remnants of the branchial clefts or pouches during embryonic development. They are typically located along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, just below the mandible. Ultrasound imaging often shows a cystic lesion with well-defined borders and hypoechoic content, which is consistent with the described findings. Thyroglossal duct cysts usually present as midline neck masses that move with swallowing or tongue protrusion, not in the location described in the scenario. Lymphadenopathy would present as enlarged lymph nodes that may be tender and associated with systemic symptoms.
For Nurse Merle to continually practice nursing, she must satisfy the requirements set by the PRC and comply how many units of CPD upon renewal?
- A. 45 units
- B. 25 units
- C. 10 units
- D. 15 units
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) in the Philippines requires nurses like Nurse Merle to comply with 45 units of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in order to renew their license and continually practice nursing. This is a mandatory requirement to ensure that nurses stay updated with the latest advancements, skills, and knowledge in the field of nursing. By completing the required CPD units, Nurse Merle can enhance her competency, maintain her license, and provide quality care to her patients.
An infant's current weight indicates that the maximum safe dose of Tylenol is 30 mg by mouth. The physician orders 65 mg to be given, the pharmacist is responsible for filling the medication order, and the nurse administers Tylenol 65 mg. Who is legally responsible in the event that the infant has a toxic reaction to the medication?
- A. nurse
- B. physician
- C. pharmacist
- D. pharmacist and physician
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The pharmacist is legally responsible in this situation because they are the healthcare professional authorized to dispense medications according to the physician's order. In this case, the physician ordered a dose higher than the maximum safe dose recommended based on the infant's current weight. While the nurse administers the medication, the pharmacist has the responsibility to ensure that the correct dose is dispensed and to alert the physician if there is a discrepancy in the order. If the pharmacist dispensed the incorrect dose without verifying with the physician, they would bear legal responsibility for any adverse effects resulting from the medication error.