Nokea
The client is on hydrochlorothiazide and digoxin. What effect can the nurse expect?
- A. Hydrochlorothiazide increases digoxin levels.
- B. Hydrochlorothiazide decreases digoxin levels.
- C. Hydrochlorothiazide decreases potassium, increasing the risk of digoxin toxicity.
- D. Digoxin can increase the effectiveness of hydrochlorothiazide.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic that can lead to hypokalemia (decreased potassium levels), which increases the risk of digoxin toxicity as digoxin requires adequate potassium levels for proper function.
Choice A is incorrect because hydrochlorothiazide does not increase digoxin levels. Choice B is incorrect because hydrochlorothiazide can actually increase digoxin levels due to potential electrolyte disturbances. Choice D is incorrect as digoxin does not affect the effectiveness of hydrochlorothiazide.
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In penetrating heart injuries such as a stab wound, which of the following tears in the heart continues to bleed and does not seal with a clot?
- A. Pericardial tear
- B. Endocardial tear
- C. Epicardial tear
- D. Myocardial tear
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Myocardial tears do not seal easily, leading to continued bleeding and potential complications.
What procedure uses a catheter to open up a blocked or narrowed coronary artery, often involving the placement of a stent?
- A. Angioplasty
- B. Echocardiogram
- C. CT angiography
- D. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Angioplasty. During angioplasty, a catheter with a balloon at its tip is inserted into the blocked or narrowed coronary artery to widen the artery and improve blood flow. This procedure often involves the placement of a stent to help keep the artery open. Angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure compared to a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), which requires open-heart surgery. Echocardiogram and CT angiography are diagnostic imaging tests and do not involve the insertion of a catheter to treat a blocked or narrowed coronary artery.
Explain the different modes of ventilator.
- A. Controlled mechanical ventilation
- B. Assist-control mode
- C. Both A and B
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Modes vary depending on the degree of support required by the patient.
What is the condition where the arteries in the brain become blocked or narrowed, leading to reduced blood flow and a potential stroke?
- A. Cerebral atherosclerosis
- B. Coronary artery disease
- C. Pulmonary embolism
- D. Peripheral artery disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cerebral atherosclerosis. This condition specifically refers to the buildup of plaque in the arteries supplying the brain, leading to blockages or narrowing. Reduced blood flow in the brain can result in a stroke. Coronary artery disease (B) affects the heart's blood vessels, not the brain. Pulmonary embolism (C) involves a blockage in the arteries of the lungs. Peripheral artery disease (D) affects arteries outside of the heart and brain, usually in the limbs. Therefore, the correct answer is A as it directly relates to the blockages in the brain arteries leading to a potential stroke.
What is the average cardiac output?
- A. Approximately 4 to 6 L per minute
- B. Approximately 4 to 8 L per minute
- C. Approximately 5 to 8 L per minute
- D. Approximately 3 to 7 L per minute
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (Approximately 4 to 8 L per minute) because the average cardiac output in a healthy adult at rest is around 5 L per minute. This range of 4 to 8 L per minute encompasses the typical cardiac output values. Choice A (Approximately 4 to 6 L per minute) is too narrow and excludes the upper range, while Choice C (Approximately 5 to 8 L per minute) is slightly broader but still within the acceptable range. Choice D (Approximately 3 to 7 L per minute) is too low and does not cover the full spectrum of average cardiac output values.