Nokea
The clinic nurse is caring for a patient whose grandmother and sister have both had breast cancer. She requested a screening test to determine her risk of developing breast cancer and it has come back positive. The patient asks you what she can do to help prevent breast cancer from occurring. What would be your best response?
- A. Research has shown that eating a healthy diet can provide all the protection you need against breast cancer
- B. Research has shown that taking the drug tamoxifen can reduce your chance of breast cancer
- C. Research has shown that exercising at least 30 minutes every day can reduce your chance of breast cancer
- D. Research has shown that there is little you can do to reduce your risk of breast cancer if you have a genetic predisposition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: With a positive screening test and family history, she's high-risk tamoxifen, a SERM, cuts breast cancer odds by 50% in such cases, per NCI trials. It blocks estrogen fueling tumors, a proven chemoprevention move. Diet helps (antioxidants, less fat), but it's not enough solo. Exercise (30 min/day) trims risk via weight control, but tamoxifen's got stronger data here. Saying little can be done' ignores options genetics load the gun, but lifestyle and drugs can unload it. Nurses in oncology push tamoxifen for its edge, tailoring advice to her risk profile.
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Which of the following is an example of multimorbidity?
- A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a urinary tract infection
- B. Lung cancer and pneumonia
- C. Chronic kidney disease and appendicitis
- D. Diabetes and exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Multimorbidity means chronic twins diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis flare together, a dual load, not acute add-ons like UTIs, pneumonia, or appendicitis. Those flare fast and fade; chronic pairs grind on, tangled or not, a nurse's radar for complex care, a hallmark of long-haul illness overlap.
A nurse is caring for a client recently diagnosed with pericarditis. Which of the following is a common assessment finding with this disorder?
- A. Elevated troponin
- B. Pericardial friction rub
- C. Heart failure
- D. ST-segment depression
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pericarditis rubs the sac pericardial friction rub, a scratchy sound, marks inflammation, a common find as layers grate. Troponin rises with muscle damage, not here. Heart failure or ST depression hints tamponade or ischemia, not direct. Nurses auscultate this rub, tying it to pericarditis's irritated core, a diagnostic bellwether.
Nursing considerations that should be applied in the management of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus include:
- A. Blood glucose level monitoring before and after meals.
- B. Preventing the consumption of all high carbohydrate foods.
- C. Skin, foot, and pressure area care when hospitalised.
- D. Minimising exercise to prevent fatigue and foot ulcers.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Nursing care for type 2 diabetes balances monitoring, prevention, and education. Blood glucose monitoring pre/post-meals informs insulin adjustments but isn't universally required frequency varies. Banning all high-carb foods is unrealistic; moderation via glycemic index guides diet, not prohibition. Skin, foot, and pressure area care is critical in hospital peripheral neuropathy and poor healing (e.g., Bob's case) risk ulcers and infections, needing daily inspection and protection, per standards in chronic care texts. Minimizing exercise contradicts management; activity improves insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake ulcer risk is mitigated with proper footwear, not inactivity. Foot care addresses diabetes' microvascular damage (neuropathy, angiopathy), preventing amputation, a leading morbidity, making it a priority intervention in acute settings.
When caring for a patient who is pancytopenic, which action by unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) indicates a need for the nurse to intervene?
- A. The UAP assists the patient to use dental floss after eating.
- B. The UAP adds baking soda to the patient's saline oral rinses.
- C. The UAP puts fluoride toothpaste on the patient's toothbrush.
- D. The UAP has the patient rinse after meals with a saline solution.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pancytopenia low everything means flossing risks bleeding and infection in a mouth with no platelets or immunity; baking soda , fluoride , and saline are safe. Nurses in oncology stop this UAP need soft-brush guidance, not floss, to protect fragile mucosa.
Spirometry is used to determine the severity of COPD and to monitor disease progression. This test measures
- A. The ratio of volume of air the patient can forcibly exhale in 1 second and forced vital capacity
- B. The ratio of residual volume when patient has fully exhaled and forced vital capacity
- C. The ratio of forced vital capacity and volume of air the patient can forcibly exhale in 6 seconds
- D. The ratio of respiratory effort and respiratory rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Spirometry sizes COPD FEV1/FVC ratio, air blasted in one second versus all-out capacity, pegs obstruction's depth, tracking decline. Residual's post-exhale, not this; 6-second's off; effort-rate's vague. Nurses lean on this, staging chronic airflow's fade.