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The congenital abnormality of the respiratory tract, associated with abnormal apical position, is
- A. Laryngeal stridor
- B. Diaphragmatic hernia
- C. Choanal atresia
- D. Tracheo-bronchi fistula
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Choanal atresia. The congenital abnormality of the respiratory tract with abnormal apical position is typically associated with choanal atresia, which is a blockage or narrowing of the back of the nasal passage. This condition can lead to respiratory distress in newborns due to difficulty breathing through the nose.
Explanation:
1. Laryngeal stridor (Choice A) is a high-pitched noise during breathing and is not typically associated with abnormal apical position.
2. Diaphragmatic hernia (Choice B) is a defect in the diaphragm that allows abdominal organs to move into the chest cavity, but it is not related to abnormal apical position.
3. Tracheo-bronchi fistula (Choice D) is an abnormal connection between the trachea and bronchi, which is not associated with abnormal apical position.
In summary, choanal atresia is the correct answer because it fits the description of
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In the management of a low birth weight baby, a thermal controlled environment is aimed at
- A. Prevention of infection
- B. Facilitation of weight gain
- C. Provision of quality care
- D. Provision of nutrition
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Facilitation of weight gain. A thermal controlled environment for a low birth weight baby helps in maintaining the baby's body temperature, reducing energy expenditure, and promoting weight gain. This is crucial for the baby's growth and development.
Incorrect choices:
A: Prevention of infection - While a thermal controlled environment can indirectly help prevent infections by maintaining the baby's health, it is not the primary aim.
C: Provision of quality care - Quality care involves multiple aspects beyond just thermal control, so this is not the primary aim.
D: Provision of nutrition - Nutrition is important for weight gain, but the thermal controlled environment specifically focuses on regulating the baby's body temperature to support weight gain.
Which of the following is a true statement with respect to the use of corticosteroids in posttransplant patients?
- A. High-dose initial steroids are tapered to off over a period of 4 to 6 weeks posttransplant
- B. There is a strong interest in developing corticosteroid-free posttransplant protocols
- C. Better results are demonstrated in corticosteroid-free protocols for second-transplant recipients
- D. Evidence supports corticosteroid-free rejection protocols
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. High-dose initial steroids are tapered off over a period of 4 to 6 weeks posttransplant. This is because corticosteroids are used initially to prevent rejection and then gradually tapered to minimize side effects. Choice B is incorrect as it states a general interest but does not address the specific protocol for corticosteroid use. Choice C is incorrect as there is no evidence suggesting better results in corticosteroid-free protocols for second-transplant recipients. Choice D is incorrect as there is no strong evidence supporting corticosteroid-free rejection protocols in posttransplant patients.
Delivery of the head in a complete breech presentation is usually accomplished through
- A. Lovset maneuver
- B. Mauriceau-Smellie-Veit
- C. Burns Marshall method
- D. Gentle traction of the neck
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mauriceau-Smellie-Veit. This method involves flexing the hips, extending the thighs, and applying suprapubic pressure to deliver the head in a complete breech presentation. This technique helps to avoid hyperextension of the neck and potential spinal cord injury. The Lovset maneuver (A) is used for delivering the arms in a breech presentation. The Burns Marshall method (C) involves performing an episiotomy and delivering the baby by flexion and traction on the legs. Gentle traction of the neck (D) is not recommended as it can cause spinal cord injury. Mauriceau-Smellie-Veit is the preferred method for safe delivery of the head in a complete breech presentation.
ed rosy appearance on the face and greatly reduced eliminations are among the features of
- A. Hypothermia neonatorum
- B. Hypoglycemia neonatorum
- C. Hyperthermia neonatorum
- D. Hypocalcemia neonatorum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C is correct:
1. Hyperthermia neonatorum refers to elevated body temperature in newborns.
2. The ed rosy appearance on the face is a common symptom of hyperthermia due to increased blood flow to the skin.
3. Greatly reduced eliminations can be a sign of dehydration associated with hyperthermia.
4. The other choices (hypothermia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia) do not align with the symptoms described.
On postoperative day 7 following hepatic transplant, the patient evidences signs and symptoms of acute rejection, confirmed by histologic examination. The AGACNP knows that first-line treatment of acute rejection consists of
- A. Cyclosporine
- B. Azathioprine
- C. Methylprednisolone
- D. Sirolimus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cyclosporine. Cyclosporine is a first-line treatment for acute rejection following hepatic transplant due to its immunosuppressive properties. It inhibits T-cell activation and cytokine production, suppressing the immune response against the transplanted liver. This helps in preventing further damage caused by rejection. Azathioprine (B) and Sirolimus (D) are also immunosuppressants, but Cyclosporine is preferred as the initial treatment. Methylprednisolone (C) is a corticosteroid that can be used in combination with Cyclosporine for acute rejection to provide a more potent immunosuppressive effect.