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The efficiency (η) of a heat engine is defined as the ratio of the net work done (Wnet) by the engine to the heat input (Qh) from the hot reservoir. The relationship is expressed as:
- A. η = Wnet / Qh
- B. η = Qh / Wnet
- C. η = Wnet x Qh
- D. η = (Wnet + Qh) / 2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct formula for efficiency (η) of a heat engine is η = Wnet / Qh. Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the net work done by the engine (Wnet) to the heat input from the hot reservoir (Qh). This formula shows how effectively the engine converts heat into useful work, making choice A the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D present incorrect relationships between efficiency, net work done, and heat input, leading to their incorrectness.
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When a gas is compressed isothermally, we can say that:
- A. The gas performs work on the surroundings, and its internal energy increases.
- B. The gas performs work on the surroundings, and its internal energy decreases.
- C. The surroundings perform work on the gas, and its internal energy increases.
- D. The surroundings perform work on the gas, and its internal energy decreases.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: When a gas is compressed isothermally, the surroundings perform work on the gas. In this process, since the temperature remains constant (isothermal), the internal energy of the gas does not change. Therefore, the correct answer is that the surroundings perform work on the gas, and its internal energy decreases. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they incorrectly describe the direction of work and the change in internal energy during an isothermal compression.
According to Bernoulli's principle, when the flow velocity (v) of an incompressible fluid increases in a constricted pipe, the pressure (P) will:
- A. Depend on the specific fluid type
- B. Decrease
- C. Remain constant
- D. Increase
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bernoulli's principle states that in a constricted pipe with increasing flow velocity of an incompressible fluid, the pressure decreases. This is due to the conservation of energy, where the total energy of the fluid (sum of kinetic energy, potential energy, and pressure energy) remains constant along the flow path. As the fluid velocity increases, its kinetic energy increases at the expense of pressure energy, causing a decrease in pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The pressure changes in the system are primarily driven by the fluid velocity and the conservation of energy principle, not by the specific fluid type, which is a constant. The pressure is not constant but decreases with increasing flow velocity due to the energy transformation occurring in the system. Lastly, the pressure does not increase; it decreases as the fluid velocity rises.
What does Coulomb's law relate to?
- A. electrostatic interaction
- B. rigid body motion
- C. heat conduction
- D. universal gravitation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Coulomb's law is a fundamental principle in physics that deals with the electrostatic interaction between charged particles. It states that the force between two charged objects is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This law is crucial in understanding and predicting the behavior of electrically charged objects. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because Coulomb's law specifically focuses on electrostatic interactions between charges, not rigid body motion, heat conduction, or universal gravitation.
When calculating an object's acceleration, what must you do?
- A. Divide the change in time by the velocity.
- B. Multiply the velocity by the time.
- C. Find the difference between the time and velocity.
- D. Divide the change in velocity by the change in time.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: When calculating an object's acceleration, you must divide the change in velocity by the change in time. Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. By determining the ratio of the change in velocity to the change in time, you can ascertain how quickly the velocity of an object is changing, thereby finding its acceleration. Choice A is incorrect because acceleration is not calculated by dividing time by velocity. Choice B is incorrect as it describes multiplying velocity by time, which does not yield acceleration. Choice C is incorrect as finding the difference between time and velocity is not a method to calculate acceleration.
What is the phenomenon by which light bends as it passes through a prism known as?
- A. Reflection
- B. Electrical conduction
- C. Diffraction
- D. Refraction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Refraction is the phenomenon by which light bends as it passes through a prism or any other medium boundary. When light transitions from one medium to another, such as air to glass in the case of a prism, it changes speed and direction due to the change in the medium's refractive index. This change in speed causes the light to bend. Reflection, on the other hand, is the bouncing back of light when it hits a surface. Diffraction refers to the bending of light around obstacles or through narrow openings. Electrical conduction involves the movement of electrically charged particles through a conductor, which is unrelated to the bending of light.