Nokea
The Filipino Food Guide Pyramid strongly emphasizes which of the following?
- A. Ensuring a variety of foods every day
- B. Eating a diet low in fats and sugar
- C. Maintaining specific daily servings of food groups
- D. Avoiding poor eating habits
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Maintaining specific daily servings of food groups. The Filipino Food Guide Pyramid emphasizes this to ensure a balanced and nutritious diet. By following specific daily servings of food groups, individuals can meet their nutritional needs and maintain overall health. Choice A is too general and does not address the importance of specific food group servings. Choice B focuses only on fats and sugar, neglecting other essential nutrients. Choice D is vague and does not provide actionable guidance for healthy eating.
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What is the MOST COMMON cause of vaginal bleeding immediately after birth?
- A. Uterine atony
- B. Genital lacerations
- C. Abnormal clotting mechanisms
- D. Endometritis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Uterine atony. After birth, the uterus may not contract properly, leading to excessive bleeding known as postpartum hemorrhage. Uterine atony is the most common cause, as the uterus fails to remain contracted after delivery. This results in inadequate compression of blood vessels, leading to bleeding. Genital lacerations can cause bleeding but are less common than uterine atony. Abnormal clotting mechanisms and endometritis are less likely causes of immediate postpartum bleeding compared to uterine atony.
Diabetes has become a major health problem. How can healthcare professionals help to reduce the incidence of diabetes?
- A. Conducting extensive screening of individuals with diabetes risk factors
- B. Facilitating the implementation of Republic Act 8191 - National Diabetes Act
- C. Establishing support groups for individuals with diabetes
- D. Increasing community awareness of diabetes prevention
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because increasing community awareness of diabetes prevention can help educate the public on lifestyle changes and risk factors. This empowers individuals to make healthier choices, ultimately reducing the incidence of diabetes. Conducting extensive screening (A) focuses on detection rather than prevention. Facilitating the implementation of a specific act (B) may not be feasible or effective in all settings. Establishing support groups (C) is beneficial for those already diagnosed but does not directly address prevention on a larger scale.
The public health nurse is reading information from a study that states that hypertension may be associated with an odds ratio of 2.49, meaning the patient is approximately 2.5 times more likely to have a severe form of COVID-19 than those without hypertension. The nurse describes the odds ratio as:
- A. a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome
- B. an absolute risk increase
- C. a measure of statistical significance
- D. a measure of precision
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because an odds ratio is a measure of association between an exposure (hypertension) and an outcome (severe COVID-19). It quantifies the strength of the relationship between the two variables. In this case, an odds ratio of 2.49 indicates that individuals with hypertension are about 2.5 times more likely to have severe COVID-19 compared to those without hypertension.
Choice B is incorrect because an odds ratio does not measure absolute risk increase but rather the relative risk or likelihood of an outcome. Choice C is incorrect because an odds ratio does not measure statistical significance; it measures the strength of association. Choice D is incorrect because an odds ratio does not measure precision; it quantifies the strength of the relationship between variables.
The appropriate order of steps in active management of the third stage of labor include:
- A. Cord clamping and cutting, controlled cord traction, ergometrine administration, and inspection to be sure the placenta is intact.
- B. Intravenous oxytocin, cord clamping and cutting, and fundal massage
- C. Intramuscular injection oxytocin, controlled cord traction with counter traction to the uterus, uterine massage
- D. Controlled cord traction, fundal massage and oxytocin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct order of steps in active management of the third stage of labor includes: 1) Intramuscular injection of oxytocin to prevent postpartum hemorrhage, 2) Controlled cord traction with counter traction to the uterus to facilitate placental delivery, and 3) Uterine massage to aid in uterine contraction and reduce bleeding.
Rationale for Correct Answer (C):
- Intramuscular oxytocin is administered first to prevent excessive bleeding.
- Controlled cord traction with counter traction assists in the gentle delivery of the placenta.
- Uterine massage helps the uterus contract and reduce the risk of hemorrhage.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
- A (Incorrect): Incorrect order of steps, ergometrine administration is not recommended.
- B (Incorrect): Incorrect order, fundal massage should be done after cord traction.
- D (Incorrect): Incorrect order, oxytocin should be administered before cord traction.
In value-based care, which equation represents the focus on achieving the best outcomes relative to cost?
- A. Cost X Quality
- B. Cost X Quality/Consumer satisfaction
- C. Quality/Cost
- D. Fee for service/discount rate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C): In value-based care, the main goal is to achieve the best outcomes relative to cost. This is represented by the equation Quality/Cost. Quality divided by Cost indicates the emphasis on maximizing outcomes while minimizing costs, aligning with the principles of value-based care. By focusing on Quality/Cost, healthcare providers aim to deliver high-quality care efficiently and effectively.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A (Cost X Quality): This equation focuses on the product of cost and quality, rather than the relationship between outcomes and cost.
B (Cost X Quality/Consumer satisfaction): Consumer satisfaction is not explicitly related to achieving the best outcomes relative to cost in value-based care.
D (Fee for service/discount rate): This choice is not relevant to measuring and optimizing outcomes in value-based care.