Nokea
The First-line tuberculosis drugs include:
- A. Isoniazid and rifampicin
- B. Penicillin and erythromycin
- C. Trimethoprim and third generation cephalosporins
- D. All the listed above can be used depending on their resistance profile
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Isoniazid and rifampicin. These drugs are considered first-line treatment for tuberculosis due to their high efficacy and low toxicity. Isoniazid targets the cell wall of the tuberculosis bacteria, while rifampicin inhibits RNA synthesis. They are recommended by WHO as the first choice for treating tuberculosis.
Choice B (Penicillin and erythromycin) is incorrect because these antibiotics are not effective against tuberculosis bacteria.
Choice C (Trimethoprim and third generation cephalosporins) is incorrect because they are not considered first-line drugs for tuberculosis treatment.
Choice D (All the listed above can be used depending on their resistance profile) is incorrect because only isoniazid and rifampicin are universally recognized as first-line drugs for tuberculosis regardless of resistance profile.
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Chlorine belongs to which of the following chemical groups?
- A. Halogens
- B. Heavy metals
- C. Phenols
- D. Alcohols
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Halogens. Chlorine belongs to the halogens group because it is a nonmetal element in group 17 of the periodic table. Halogens are highly reactive elements that have 7 electrons in their outer shell, making them eager to gain an electron to achieve stability. Chlorine specifically is a diatomic molecule with the chemical symbol Cl and atomic number 17.
Option B: Heavy metals are elements with high atomic weights and densities, such as lead and mercury, which are not related to chlorine.
Option C: Phenols are a class of organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group bonded to an aromatic ring, not related to chlorine.
Option D: Alcohols are organic compounds characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group (-OH), also not related to chlorine.
A dentist examined a 5-year-old boy and found him to have a saddle nose, high-arched palate, natiform skull. Both front maxillary incisors are peg-shaped and have a crescent-shaped notch in the cutting edge. Lymph nodes are not changed. What is the provisional diagnosis?
- A. Late congenital syphilis
- B. Early congenital syphilis
- C. Tertiary syphilis
- D. Fluorosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Late congenital syphilis. The symptoms described align with late congenital syphilis, which includes saddle nose, high-arched palate, natiform skull, peg-shaped incisors, and notched cutting edge. Lymph nodes not being affected is also consistent with late congenital syphilis. Early congenital syphilis (B) typically presents with more severe symptoms at birth or shortly after. Tertiary syphilis (C) usually occurs years after initial infection and presents with different symptoms. Fluorosis (D) is caused by excessive fluoride intake and does not match the symptoms described.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause:
- A. Burn wounds infection, severe pneumonia in patients with cystic fibrosis, nosocomial infections
- B. Food poisoning
- C. Bacterial pharyngitis
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for answer A:
1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to cause burn wounds infections due to its ability to survive in moist environments.
2. It can cause severe pneumonia in patients with cystic fibrosis due to its resistance to antibiotics and ability to form biofilms.
3. It is a common cause of nosocomial infections in hospitals due to its ability to colonize medical equipment and surfaces.
Summary of other choices:
B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa typically does not cause food poisoning, as it is not a common pathogen associated with foodborne illnesses.
C. Bacterial pharyngitis is usually caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, not Pseudomonas aeruginosa, making this choice incorrect.
D. None of the above is incorrect as Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with specific infections mentioned in option A.
The virus most commonly transmitted during pregnancy is:
- A. cytomegalovirus
- B. HIV
- C. herpes simplex virus
- D. Epstein-Barr virus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cytomegalovirus. CMV is the most common virus transmitted during pregnancy, leading to potential serious complications for the fetus. It can cause birth defects, hearing loss, and developmental delays. CMV is commonly spread through bodily fluids. HIV (B) can also be transmitted during pregnancy but is less common. Herpes simplex virus (C) can be transmitted but typically results in localized infection. Epstein-Barr virus (D) is not commonly transmitted during pregnancy.
Which bacteria is responsible for causing tuberculosis?
- A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C. Salmonella enterica
- D. Neisseria meningitidis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This bacterium is responsible for causing tuberculosis. It is a slow-growing, acid-fast bacillus that primarily affects the lungs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted through the air via respiratory droplets. Choice B, Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a common cause of pneumonia but not tuberculosis. Choice C, Salmonella enterica, causes food poisoning. Choice D, Neisseria meningitidis, causes meningitis, not tuberculosis. Therefore, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the correct answer based on its characteristics and mode of transmission.