Nokea
The first stage of Alzheimer's disease is characterized by:
- A. depression and anger
- B. hand tremors and confusion
- C. headaches and depression
- D. memory loss and confusion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The first stage of Alzheimer's disease is typically marked by memory loss and confusion, particularly with recent events. As the disease progresses, more severe cognitive and functional impairments develop.
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What part of a neuron is responsible for receiving information?
- A. axon
- B. terminal bre
- C. dendrite
- D. myelin sheath
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dendrites are the part of a neuron responsible for receiving information from other neurons. They are branched structures that extend from the cell body and contain receptors for neurotransmitters. When neurotransmitters bind to these receptors, they generate electrical signals that travel toward the cell body, initiating communication between neurons. Dendrites play a crucial role in integrating incoming signals and determining whether the neuron will fire an action potential.
A patient who is severely brain damaged has decerebrate posturing with extended extremities. In which area of the brain should the nurse suspect the patient has sustained damage?
- A. Cerebrum
- B. Brain stem
- C. Cerebellum
- D. Hypothalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Decerebrate posturing, characterized by extended extremities, indicates damage to the brainstem, particularly the midbrain or pons. The cerebrum, cerebellum, and hypothalamus are not directly associated with this type of posturing. Recognizing decerebrate posturing is critical for assessing the severity of brain injury.
Which cranial nerve lies in the junction between pons and medilla?
- A. abducent nerve (VI)
- B. facial nerve (VII)
- C. vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
- D. glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The abducent nerve (VI) emerges at the junction between the pons and medulla. It controls the lateral rectus muscle, which abducts the eye.
In brain injury a severe trauma in which the brain is not just jarred but the impact also causes bruising to the brain is known as:
- A. Concussion.
- B. Contusion.
- C. Encephalitis.
- D. Crainitus.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A contusion is a type of brain injury characterized by bruising and damage to brain tissue, often resulting from a direct impact to the head. Unlike a concussion, which involves temporary dysfunction without visible damage, a contusion causes physical injury to the brain, leading to swelling, bleeding, and potential long-term neurological deficits. Contusions require careful monitoring and treatment to prevent complications such as increased intracranial pressure.
When assessing cranial nerve XII (Hypoglossal nerve), the nurse should:
- A. Observe the patient's tongue for movement, symmetry, and strength.
- B. Measure the patient's blood pressure.
- C. Check the patient's visual acuity.
- D. Inspect the patient's skin for rashes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cranial nerve XII (Hypoglossal nerve) controls tongue movement. Observing the tongue for movement, symmetry, and strength assesses its function. Blood pressure, visual acuity, and skin inspection are unrelated.