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The following are common abnormal laboratory markers in patients with NAFLD except:
- A. Elevated uric acid
- B. Elevated triglycerides
- C. Elevated hct
- D. Elevated GGT
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: NAFLD's lab quirks high triglycerides, GGT, glucose tie to fat and insulin woes; uric acid tags along in gouty pals. Elevated hematocrit? Not here, more polycythemia's game. Clinicians spot this odd-out, focusing chronic liver's true markers.
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The nursing instructor explains the difference between normal cells and benign tumor cells. What information does the instructor provide about these cells?
- A. Benign tumors grow through invasion of other tissue.
- B. Benign tumors have lost their cellular regulation from contact inhibition.
- C. Growing in the wrong place or time is typical of benign tumors.
- D. The loss of characteristics of the parent cells is called anaplasia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Benign tumors are fundamentally different from malignant tumors in their behavior and characteristics. Unlike malignant tumors, which invade surrounding tissues, benign tumors do not grow through invasion but rather through hyperplasia, a controlled increase in cell number. They retain contact inhibition, a regulatory mechanism where normal cells stop dividing when they touch each other, preventing uncontrolled growth. The defining feature of benign tumors is that they consist of cells that are essentially normal but are growing in an inappropriate location or at an incorrect time, such as a lipoma in fatty tissue. Anaplasia, on the other hand, refers to the loss of differentiation and is a hallmark of malignant cancer cells, not benign ones. Thus, the instructor would emphasize that benign tumors are misplaced normal cells, making this the accurate statement. This distinction is critical for nursing students to understand, as it impacts diagnosis, treatment decisions, and patient education regarding the non-threatening nature of benign tumors compared to cancerous growths.
The nurse knows which of the following is the most common problem for a client with valvular heart disease?
- A. Altered body image
- B. Difficulty coping
- C. Bradycardia
- D. Decreased cardiac output
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Valvular disease stenosis or regurgitation slashes flow; decreased cardiac output reigns as pump falters, driving fatigue and dyspnea, the top issue. Body image or coping lag; bradycardia's rare. Nurses peg output drop, targeting meds or surgery, a core fight in this valve-wrecked heart.
Inhaled medications, such as bronchodilators and glucocorticoids are the main medication treatment methods for COPD. What is the biggest reason for ineffective outcomes?
- A. Patient compliance with dose prescription
- B. Incorrect use of the device
- C. Incorrect prescribing
- D. Reduced drug inhalation due to respiratory disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: COPD inhalers flop most when puffed wrong technique, not timing, trumps compliance, bad scripts, or weak lungs. Spacers, shaky hands nurses fix this, a chronic breath's weak link.
When conventional routes of analgesia have been unsuccessful or are contraindicated for chronic pain syndromes, intrathecal drug delivery systems may be considered. Appropriate indications are likely to include:
- A. Patients with cancer-related pain in whom life expectancy is estimated to be >3 months.
- B. Chronic pancreatitis.
- C. Haematuria loin pain syndrome.
- D. Chronic low back pain.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) treat severe, refractory pain. Cancer pain with >3 months life expectancy justifies IDDS, balancing implantation risks with prolonged benefit shorter expectancy favors simpler methods. Chronic pancreatitis may respond, but evidence is weaker; it's not a primary indication. Haematuria loin pain syndrome (loin pain haematuria syndrome) is niche, rarely managed with IDDS due to limited data. Chronic low back pain often fails conservative treatment, but IDDS is reserved for extreme cases (e.g., failed back surgery syndrome), not routine. Chronic refractory angina is cardiac, not typically IDDS-eligible. Cancer pain's prevalence, severity, and responsiveness to intrathecal opioids/ziconotide make it the clearest indication, optimizing quality of life in palliative care.
In caring for a patient with neutropenia, what tasks can be delegated to the nursing assistant?
- A. Take vital signs every 4 hours
- B. Report temperature elevation >100.4°F
- C. Assess for sore throat, cough, or burning with urination
- D. Gather the supplies to prepare the room for protective isolation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neutropenia heightens infection risk, requiring team vigilance. Taking vital signs every 4 hours fits nursing assistants' scope routine monitoring flags fevers, key in neutropenia, without needing assessment skills. Reporting fever >100.4°F is their duty once detected, but assessing symptoms like sore throat or cough demands RN judgment to interpret infection signs. Gathering supplies for isolation is assistive, not evaluative, suiting their role. Handwashing's universal, not a task to delegate. Vital signs delegation ensures timely data collection, freeing nurses to analyze and act, a practical split in caring for this vulnerable patient.