Nokea
The following are true about the pupils:
- A. pupil size is largest in adolescence
- B. physiological anisocoria is found in 20% of the population
- C. the latent period of the pupil reaction to light ranges from 0.2 to 0.5s
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pupil size is largest in adolescence and decreases with age. Physiological anisocoria (unequal pupil size) is present in about 20% of the population. The latent period for the pupillary light reflex is typically 0.2 to 0.5 seconds.
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The vagus nerve
- A. Arises from the medulla as a single nerve
- B. Receives nucleus ambiguous fibres from the accessory nerve
- C. Supplies motor fibres to the diaphragm
- D. Supplies sensory fibres to the facial region
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The vagus nerve receives motor fibers from the nucleus ambiguus, which also contributes to the accessory nerve. It innervates muscles of the pharynx and larynx.
The Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around the:
- A. dendrites
- B. cell body
- C. nucleus
- D. axon
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Schwann cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Dendrites, cell bodies, nuclei, and nodes of Ranvier are not directly myelinated by Schwann cells. Therefore, D is the correct answer.
A patient has blindness related to a functional neurological (conversion) disorder. To help the patient eat, the nurse should:
- A. establish a buddy system with other patients who can feed the patient at each meal.
- B. expect the patient to feed himself or herself after explaining the arrangement of the food on the tray.
- C. direct the patient to locate items on the tray independently and feed himself or herself unassisted.
- D. address the needs of other patients in the dining room, and then feed this patient.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
1. Expecting the patient to feed himself/herself after explaining the arrangement of the food on the tray promotes independence and autonomy.
2. It respects the patient's capabilities and encourages self-reliance, which is important for rehabilitation in functional neurological disorders.
3. Providing clear instructions can help the patient navigate the task despite the blindness, fostering a sense of accomplishment.
4. This approach aligns with patient-centered care principles, prioritizing the patient's dignity and self-care abilities.
Summary of other choices:
A. Establishing a buddy system may not address the patient's need for independence and could potentially undermine their self-esteem.
C. Directing the patient to locate items independently may not be practical or safe given the blindness, and it may lead to frustration.
D. Neglecting the patient's needs in favor of others is not in line with providing individualized care and could compromise patient outcomes.
A microscopic gap between a pair of adjacent neurons over which nerve impulses pass when going from one neuron to the next is called:
- A. Neurotransmitter
- B. Synapse
- C. Axon
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Synapse is the correct answer because it is the junction between two neurons where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted. Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that facilitate this transmission, but the gap itself is called the synapse.
A person comes to the clinic reporting, I wear a scarf across my lower face when I go out but because of my ugly appearance. Assessment reveals an average appearance with no actual disfigurement. Which problem is most likely?
- A. Dissociative identity disorder
- B. Body dysmorphic disorder
- C. Pseudocyesis
- D. Malingering
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Body dysmorphic disorder. This individual's distorted belief about their appearance despite no actual disfigurement aligns with the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder. People with this disorder obsess over perceived flaws in their appearance.
Incorrect choices:
A: Dissociative identity disorder involves multiple distinct personality states, not related to body image.
C: Pseudocyesis is a false belief of being pregnant, unrelated to body image.
D: Malingering involves feigning symptoms for external gain, not related to distorted body image perceptions.