Nokea
When the individual is be unable to recognise everyday objects and name them correctly, this is known as
- A. Prosopagnosia
- B. Anomia
- C. Agnosia
- D. Aphosonomia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Agnosia is a neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize or identify objects, people, sounds, or shapes, despite having intact sensory abilities. This condition arises from damage to specific areas of the brain responsible for processing sensory information. Agnosia can manifest in various forms, such as visual agnosia (inability to recognize objects) or auditory agnosia (inability to recognize sounds).
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When comparing a CVA and TIA, the nurse knows this is unique about TIAs:
- A. TIAs have permanent long-term focal deficits
- B. TIAs are intermittent with spontaneous resolution of the neurologic deficit
- C. TIAs are intermittent with permanent motor and sensory deficits
- D. TIAs have permanent long-term neurologic deficits
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are characterized by temporary neurological deficits that resolve spontaneously within 24 hours. Unlike strokes, TIAs do not cause permanent damage but are warning signs of an increased risk for future strokes. Immediate evaluation and intervention are necessary to prevent a full-blown stroke.
What kind of stain is most commonly used to visualize the capsule of cryptococcus?
- A. Gram stain
- B. simple stain
- C. negative stain
- D. fluorescent stain
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: negative stain. Negative staining technique uses acidic stains which are repelled by the capsule of cryptococcus, making it visible as a clear halo around the stained cell. Gram stain (A) is used for bacterial cell wall visualization, simple stain (B) colors all cells uniformly, and fluorescent stain (D) requires a fluorescent microscope and specific dyes. Negative stain is the most effective method for visualizing cryptococcus capsules due to its unique structure and composition.
The following are true about the pupils:
- A. pupil size is largest in adolescence
- B. physiological anisocoria is found in 20% of the population
- C. the latent period of the pupil reaction to light ranges from 0.2 to 0.5s
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pupil size is largest in adolescence and decreases with age. Physiological anisocoria (unequal pupil size) is present in about 20% of the population. The latent period for the pupillary light reflex is typically 0.2 to 0.5 seconds.
The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are known as ______ while the shallow grooves are termed ______.
- A. sulci; gyri
- B. gyri; sulci
- C. ganglia; gyri
- D. tracts; ganglia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The elevated ridges on the cerebral hemispheres are called gyri, and the shallow grooves are called sulci. Ganglia, tracts, receptors, and effectors are unrelated to these structures. Thus, B is the correct answer.
Dysphagia, dyphonia, dysarthria together with tongue atrophy & depressed "gag" reflex is called like following:
- A. bulbar palsy
- B. Bell's palsy
- C. pseudobulbar palsy
- D. bulbus olfactorius
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Bulbar palsy is the correct answer because it results from damage to the lower motor neurons of the cranial nerves IX, X, and XII, which are located in the medulla oblongata. This condition leads to dysphagia, dysphonia, dysarthria, and tongue atrophy due to the loss of motor control in the muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and tongue.