Nokea
The nurse is caring for the client with increased intracranial pressure. The nurse would note which of the following trends in vital signs if the ICP is rising?
- A. Increasing temperature, increasing pulse, increasing respirations, decreasing blood pressure.
- B. Increasing temperature, decreasing pulse, decreasing respirations, increasing blood pressure.
- C. Decreasing temperature, decreasing pulse, increasing respirations, decreasing blood pressure.
- D. Decreasing temperature, increasing pulse, decreasing respirations, increasing blood pressure.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In increased ICP, Cushing's triad may occur, which includes bradycardia (decreasing pulse), irregular respirations (decreasing respirations), and widening pulse pressure (increasing blood pressure). These signs indicate severe brainstem compression and are late signs of increased ICP, requiring immediate intervention.
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The vagus nerve
- A. Arises from the medulla as a single nerve
- B. Receives nucleus ambiguous fibres from the accessory nerve
- C. Supplies motor fibres to the diaphragm
- D. Supplies sensory fibres to the facial region
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The vagus nerve receives motor fibers from the nucleus ambiguus, which also contributes to the accessory nerve. It innervates muscles of the pharynx and larynx.
What role, if any, do Hox genes play in specification of neuronal fate?
- A. Different Hox genes are activated along the dorso-ventral axis by the gradient of Shh.
- B. Different combinations of Hox genes specify the identities of neurons along the antero-posterior axis
- C. Hox genes determine the identity of the segments along the axis of the vertebrate spinal cord
- D. Hox genes determine the different subtypes of neurons that form along the dorso-ventral axis.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hox genes are crucial for specifying neuronal identity along the antero-posterior axis. Different combinations of Hox genes are expressed in distinct regions of the developing nervous system, providing positional information that guides the differentiation of neurons into specific subtypes. This ensures the proper organization and function of the spinal cord and brain.
When the individual is be unable to recognise everyday objects and name them correctly, this is known as
- A. Prosopagnosia
- B. Anomia
- C. Agnosia
- D. Aphosonomia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Agnosia is a neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize or identify objects, people, sounds, or shapes, despite having intact sensory abilities. This condition arises from damage to specific areas of the brain responsible for processing sensory information. Agnosia can manifest in various forms, such as visual agnosia (inability to recognize objects) or auditory agnosia (inability to recognize sounds).
A microscopic gap between a pair of adjacent neurons over which nerve impulses pass when going from one neuron to the next is called:
- A. Neurotransmitter
- B. Synapse
- C. Axon
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Synapse is the correct answer because it is the junction between two neurons where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted. Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that facilitate this transmission, but the gap itself is called the synapse.
The intracranial pressure is decreased by:
- A. intravenous mannitol
- B. placing the patient in a head-up position
- C. hyperventilation
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Intracranial pressure (ICP) can be reduced by intravenous mannitol (an osmotic diuretic), placing the patient in a head-up position (to improve venous drainage), and hyperventilation (which reduces CO2 levels and causes cerebral vasoconstriction). All these methods are clinically used to manage elevated ICP.