Nokea
The following conditions are required for rhodopsin regeneration:
- A. NADPH
- B. darkness
- C. splitting of all trans-retinal from the opsin
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rhodopsin regeneration requires NADPH, darkness, and the separation of all-trans-retinal from opsin. These steps are essential for the visual cycle.
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Gaps in the myelin sheath are called _______.
- A. nodes of Ranvier
- B. the synapse
- C. axonal interstices
- D. myelinoids
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nodes of Ranvier are small gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon of a neuron. These gaps allow for the rapid conduction of nerve impulses through a process called saltatory conduction, where the action potential 'jumps' from one node to the next. This increases the speed and efficiency of neural communication. Nodes of Ranvier are essential for proper nerve function and are found in both the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Mr. Smith develops signs of increased intracranial pressure. Which of the following medications is likely to be ordered for Mr. Smith?
- A. Mannitol
- B. Insulin
- C. Morphine sulfate
- D. Penicillin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic used to reduce intracranial pressure.
What is the function of a tendon?
- A. Attaches muscle to bone
- B. Connects bone to bone at the joint
- C. Connects cartilage to muscle in joints
- D. Attaches synovium to the joint capsule
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Tendons attach muscles to bones.
What is most likely to cause the pain experienced in the later stages of OA?
- A. Crepitation
- B. Bouchard's nodes
- C. Heberden's nodes
- D. Bone surfaces rubbing together
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Bone-on-bone contact causes significant pain.
Chemicals called ________ are stored in neurons and released when the cell is stimulated by a signal.
- A. toxins
- B. cytokines
- C. chemokines
- D. neurotransmitters
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: neurotransmitters. Neurons store and release neurotransmitters in response to signals to communicate with other neurons or target cells. Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in transmitting signals across synapses. Toxins (A) are harmful substances, not involved in neuronal communication. Cytokines (B) and chemokines (C) are signaling molecules involved in immune responses, not neuronal communication. Therefore, the correct choice is neurotransmitters.