Nokea
The function of the migrating motor
- A. is to:
- B. Empty non-digestable material from stomach and small intestine during fasting
- C. Initiate mass movements in the large intestine
- D. Increase intestinal peristalsis in response to overfeeding
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The migrating motor complex (MMC) functions to clear non-digestible material from the stomach and small intestine during fasting periods. Step 1: During fasting, MMC promotes gastrointestinal motility to prevent bacterial overgrowth. Step 2: MMC consists of 3 phases - quiescent, irregular contractions, and intense contractions - aiding in sweeping undigested materials. Step 3: This process helps maintain gut health and prevents issues like bacterial overgrowth or malabsorption. Summary: Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the specific function of the migrating motor complex during fasting.
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Once chylomicrons leave the simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine, they diffuse into
- A. capillaries.
- B. lacteals.
- C. arterioles.
- D. venules.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: lacteals. Chylomicrons are too large to enter capillaries directly, so they are absorbed into lacteals, specialized lymphatic vessels in the small intestine. Lacteals transport chylomicrons to the lymphatic system, eventually reaching the bloodstream via the thoracic duct. Arterioles and venules are part of the blood circulation system and are not directly involved in chylomicron absorption.
The membrane that hangs like an apron over the intestines is the _____.
- A. mesentery
- B. visceral peritoneum
- C. parietal peritoneum
- D. greater omentum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: greater omentum. The greater omentum is a membrane that hangs like an apron over the intestines, providing protection and insulation. It consists of fatty tissue and helps to limit the spread of infection within the abdominal cavity. The mesentery (choice A) is a different structure that attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall. The visceral peritoneum (choice B) is the inner layer of the peritoneum that covers the organs, while the parietal peritoneum (choice C) is the outer layer that lines the abdominal cavity. Therefore, the greater omentum is the correct choice in this context.
The most common cause of tooth loss in adults is
- A. periodontal disease.
- B. gingivitis.
- C. pyorrhea.
- D. dental caries.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults due to the severe damage it causes to the supporting structures of the teeth, such as the gums and bone. It leads to progressive destruction of the tissues surrounding the teeth, eventually resulting in tooth loss. Gingivitis (B) and pyorrhea (C) are stages of periodontal disease and not the primary cause of tooth loss. Dental caries (D) primarily affects the enamel and dentin of the teeth, leading to cavities, but it is not as common a cause of tooth loss in adults as periodontal disease.
What is the primary function of the small intestine in the digestive system?
- A. Absorption of nutrients
- B. Mechanical digestion of food
- C. Production of digestive enzymes
- D. Storage of bile
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients. Step 1: Digestive enzymes break down food in the small intestine. Step 2: Villi and microvilli in the intestine absorb nutrients like glucose and amino acids. Step 3: Nutrients are then transported to the bloodstream for distribution to cells. Thus, choice A is correct. Choices B and C are incorrect because mechanical digestion primarily occurs in the stomach, and digestive enzymes are produced by other organs like the pancreas. Choice D is incorrect as the small intestine does not store bile; it is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
Which part of the digestive system is responsible for the absorption of nutrients?
- A. small intestine
- B. stomach
- C. pancreas
- D. liver
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, the small intestine, because it is the primary site for nutrient absorption in the digestive system. The small intestine is lined with villi and microvilli, increasing its surface area for efficient absorption. It contains specialized cells that transport nutrients into the bloodstream for distribution to the body. The stomach (B) primarily breaks down food using digestive enzymes and acids, while the pancreas (C) secretes digestive enzymes but does not directly absorb nutrients. The liver (D) plays a role in bile production and detoxification, but nutrient absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine.