Nokea
Where does the majority of carbohydrate digestion occur?
- A. stomach
- B. small intestine
- C. mouth
- D. esophagus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The majority of carbohydrate digestion occurs in the mouth. This is because the enzyme amylase, present in saliva, begins breaking down carbohydrates into simpler sugars like maltose. The process starts in the mouth as the food is chewed and mixed with saliva, creating a bolus that can be easily swallowed. In the stomach, the acidic environment actually inhibits amylase activity, so minimal carbohydrate digestion occurs there. The small intestine is where further digestion and absorption of carbohydrates primarily happen, but the initial breakdown in the mouth is crucial. The esophagus is not involved in digestion, but rather in the transportation of food to the stomach.
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Which of the following vitamins is fat-soluble?
- A. B12
- B. C
- C. D
- D. E
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: D. Vitamin D is fat-soluble because it can be stored in the body's fatty tissues and liver. This allows for a slower release into the bloodstream when needed. Vitamins B12, C, and E are water-soluble, meaning they dissolve in water and are not stored in the body. Vitamin B12 is stored in the liver, but it is not considered fat-soluble. Vitamin C is excreted through urine, and Vitamin E is stored in body tissues but not in fat. Therefore, the only fat-soluble vitamin among the options provided is Vitamin D.
Trypsinogen when activated by ______ will break down proteins in the ______.
- A. enterokinase; pancreatic ducts
- B. trypsin; small intestine
- C. secretin; pancreatic ducts
- D. enterokinase; small intestine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: enterokinase; small intestine. Enterokinase is an enzyme that activates trypsinogen into trypsin in the small intestine. Trypsin is then responsible for breaking down proteins in the small intestine. Enterokinase is not found in the pancreatic ducts, eliminating choices A and C. Trypsinogen is not activated by itself, so choice B is incorrect. In summary, enterokinase activates trypsinogen into trypsin in the small intestine, allowing for protein digestion.
What is the primary function of the small intestine in the digestive system?
- A. Absorption of nutrients
- B. Mechanical digestion of food
- C. Production of digestive enzymes
- D. Storage of bile
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients. Step 1: Digestive enzymes break down food in the small intestine. Step 2: Villi and microvilli in the intestine absorb nutrients like glucose and amino acids. Step 3: Nutrients are then transported to the bloodstream for distribution to cells. Thus, choice A is correct. Choices B and C are incorrect because mechanical digestion primarily occurs in the stomach, and digestive enzymes are produced by other organs like the pancreas. Choice D is incorrect as the small intestine does not store bile; it is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
The enteric plexus in the tunica submucosa is called the ______ plexus.
- A. Meissner's
- B. Auerbach's
- C. myenteric
- D. solar
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Meissner's plexus. Meissner's plexus is located in the tunica submucosa and is responsible for controlling the movements of the muscularis mucosae. It regulates local blood flow, secretion, and absorption in the small intestine. Auerbach's plexus, located in the muscularis externa, controls the motility of the muscular layer. Myenteric plexus is another name for Auerbach's plexus. Solar plexus is a network of nerves located in the abdomen, not specifically related to the enteric plexus.
Which action for a patient receiving enteral nutrition through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) may be delegated to a licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/VN)?
- A. Assessing the patient's nutritional status weekly
- B. Providing skin care to the area around the tube site
- C. Teaching the patient how to administer the feedings
- D. Determining the need for adding water to the feedings
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Providing skin care to the area around the tube site. This task can be safely delegated to an LPN/VN because it involves basic wound care and monitoring for signs of infection or skin breakdown. LPNs/VNs are trained to provide this type of care under the supervision of a registered nurse (RN).
A: Assessing the patient's nutritional status weekly requires a higher level of assessment and interpretation of data, which is typically within the scope of an RN.
C: Teaching the patient how to administer the feedings involves patient education and requires a higher level of critical thinking and assessment skills, typically performed by an RN.
D: Determining the need for adding water to the feedings involves making clinical judgments and adjustments to the enteral nutrition plan, which should be overseen by an RN.