Nokea
Once chylomicrons leave the simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine, they diffuse into
- A. capillaries.
- B. lacteals.
- C. arterioles.
- D. venules.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: lacteals. Chylomicrons are too large to enter capillaries directly, so they are absorbed into lacteals, specialized lymphatic vessels in the small intestine. Lacteals transport chylomicrons to the lymphatic system, eventually reaching the bloodstream via the thoracic duct. Arterioles and venules are part of the blood circulation system and are not directly involved in chylomicron absorption.
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The pharyngeal phase of swallowing:
- A. Is partially voluntary
- B. Includes opening of the upper oesophageal sphincter
- C. Includes the peristaltic activity of the upper third of the oesophagus
- D. Is associated with the opening of the glottis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the pharyngeal phase of swallowing involves the peristaltic activity of the upper third of the esophagus, pushing the food bolus towards the stomach. This phase is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing reflex. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the pharyngeal phase is entirely involuntary, the upper esophageal sphincter opens during the esophageal phase, and the opening of the glottis is associated with protection of the airway during swallowing, not the pharyngeal phase.
Which action for a patient receiving enteral nutrition through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) may be delegated to a licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/VN)?
- A. Assessing the patient's nutritional status weekly
- B. Providing skin care to the area around the tube site
- C. Teaching the patient how to administer the feedings
- D. Determining the need for adding water to the feedings
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Providing skin care to the area around the tube site. This task can be safely delegated to an LPN/VN because it involves basic wound care and monitoring for signs of infection or skin breakdown. LPNs/VNs are trained to provide this type of care under the supervision of a registered nurse (RN).
A: Assessing the patient's nutritional status weekly requires a higher level of assessment and interpretation of data, which is typically within the scope of an RN.
C: Teaching the patient how to administer the feedings involves patient education and requires a higher level of critical thinking and assessment skills, typically performed by an RN.
D: Determining the need for adding water to the feedings involves making clinical judgments and adjustments to the enteral nutrition plan, which should be overseen by an RN.
Which organ has the most metabolically active cells?
- A. pancreas
- B. liver
- C. stomach
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: liver. The liver has the most metabolically active cells due to its crucial role in various metabolic processes, such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and glucose metabolism. It is responsible for producing enzymes and metabolizing nutrients. The pancreas, stomach, and small intestine are important organs, but they are not as metabolically active as the liver. The pancreas primarily produces digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugar levels. The stomach digests food, and the small intestine absorbs nutrients. However, in terms of overall metabolic activity, the liver surpasses these organs.
The nurse is teaching a patient with hypertension about lifestyle modifications. Which statement by the patient indicates that further teaching is needed?
- A. "I will reduce my intake of processed foods and sodium."
- B. "I will engage in regular physical activity, such as walking."
- C. "I will limit my alcohol intake to no more than two drinks per day."
- D. "I can stop taking my blood pressure medication when I feel better."
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because stopping blood pressure medication without medical guidance can be dangerous and worsen hypertension. A is correct as reducing sodium intake helps lower blood pressure. B is correct as physical activity is beneficial. C is incorrect, as limiting alcohol intake is also important in managing hypertension.
Trypsinogen when activated by ______ will break down proteins in the ______.
- A. enterokinase; pancreatic ducts
- B. trypsin; small intestine
- C. secretin; pancreatic ducts
- D. enterokinase; small intestine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: enterokinase; small intestine. Enterokinase is an enzyme that activates trypsinogen into trypsin in the small intestine. Trypsin is then responsible for breaking down proteins in the small intestine. Enterokinase is not found in the pancreatic ducts, eliminating choices A and C. Trypsinogen is not activated by itself, so choice B is incorrect. In summary, enterokinase activates trypsinogen into trypsin in the small intestine, allowing for protein digestion.