Nokea
A nurse is providing teaching for a client who has a new diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The client asks about foods he should avoid eating. Which of the following foods should the nurse tell him to avoid?
- A. Nonfat milk
- B. Chocolate
- C. Apples
- D. Oatmeal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Chocolate. Chocolate is high in fat and caffeine, which can relax the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to increased acid reflux in GERD. Nonfat milk (A), apples (C), and oatmeal (D) are actually recommended for GERD as they are low in fat and acidic content, and can help reduce symptoms.
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Which of these is involved in the chemical digestion of protein?
- A. pancreatic amylase
- B. trypsin
- C. sucrase
- D. pancreatic nuclease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: trypsin. Trypsin is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that specifically breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. It works in the small intestine to continue the process of protein digestion. Pancreatic amylase (A) breaks down carbohydrates, sucrase (C) breaks down sucrose, and pancreatic nuclease (D) breaks down nucleic acids, not proteins. Therefore, trypsin is the only enzyme involved in the chemical digestion of protein among the choices provided.
Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the protective effect of dietary fibre against cancer of the colon?
- A. Propionic acid, formed during colonic fibre fermentation inhibits liver fatty acid synthesis
- B. Butyric acid, formed during colonic fibre fermentation stimulates 'silencing' of the SLC5A8 tumour suppressor gene
- C. None of these options are correct
- D. Butyric acid, formed during colonic fibre fermentation stimulates anti-oxidant defences in the colon
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because butyric acid, a short-chain fatty acid formed during colonic fiber fermentation, has been shown to stimulate antioxidant defenses in the colon. This helps protect against oxidative damage, a key factor in the development of cancer. Choice A is incorrect because propionic acid does not inhibit liver fatty acid synthesis in relation to colon cancer. Choice B is incorrect because butyric acid does not silence the SLC5A8 tumor suppressor gene; in fact, it has been shown to have anti-tumor effects. Choice C is incorrect as there is evidence supporting the protective effect of dietary fiber through butyric acid's stimulation of antioxidant defenses.
Trypsinogen when activated by ______ will break down proteins in the ______.
- A. enterokinase; pancreatic ducts
- B. trypsin; small intestine
- C. secretin; pancreatic ducts
- D. enterokinase; small intestine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: enterokinase; small intestine. Enterokinase is an enzyme that activates trypsinogen into trypsin in the small intestine. Trypsin is then responsible for breaking down proteins in the small intestine. Enterokinase is not found in the pancreatic ducts, eliminating choices A and C. Trypsinogen is not activated by itself, so choice B is incorrect. In summary, enterokinase activates trypsinogen into trypsin in the small intestine, allowing for protein digestion.
The most common cause of tooth loss in adults is
- A. periodontal disease.
- B. gingivitis.
- C. pyorrhea.
- D. dental caries.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults due to the severe damage it causes to the supporting structures of the teeth, such as the gums and bone. It leads to progressive destruction of the tissues surrounding the teeth, eventually resulting in tooth loss. Gingivitis (B) and pyorrhea (C) are stages of periodontal disease and not the primary cause of tooth loss. Dental caries (D) primarily affects the enamel and dentin of the teeth, leading to cavities, but it is not as common a cause of tooth loss in adults as periodontal disease.
Which organ has the most metabolically active cells?
- A. pancreas
- B. liver
- C. stomach
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: liver. The liver has the most metabolically active cells due to its crucial role in various metabolic processes, such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and glucose metabolism. It is responsible for producing enzymes and metabolizing nutrients. The pancreas, stomach, and small intestine are important organs, but they are not as metabolically active as the liver. The pancreas primarily produces digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugar levels. The stomach digests food, and the small intestine absorbs nutrients. However, in terms of overall metabolic activity, the liver surpasses these organs.