Nokea
The nurse is teaching a patient with hypertension about lifestyle modifications. Which statement by the patient indicates that further teaching is needed?
- A. "I will reduce my intake of processed foods and sodium."
- B. "I will engage in regular physical activity, such as walking."
- C. "I will limit my alcohol intake to no more than two drinks per day."
- D. "I can stop taking my blood pressure medication when I feel better."
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because stopping blood pressure medication without medical guidance can be dangerous and worsen hypertension. A is correct as reducing sodium intake helps lower blood pressure. B is correct as physical activity is beneficial. C is incorrect, as limiting alcohol intake is also important in managing hypertension.
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The pharyngeal phase of swallowing:
- A. Is partially voluntary
- B. Includes opening of the upper oesophageal sphincter
- C. Includes the peristaltic activity of the upper third of the oesophagus
- D. Is associated with the opening of the glottis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the pharyngeal phase of swallowing involves the peristaltic activity of the upper third of the esophagus, pushing the food bolus towards the stomach. This phase is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing reflex. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the pharyngeal phase is entirely involuntary, the upper esophageal sphincter opens during the esophageal phase, and the opening of the glottis is associated with protection of the airway during swallowing, not the pharyngeal phase.
Which of these is involved in the chemical digestion of protein?
- A. pancreatic amylase
- B. trypsin
- C. sucrase
- D. pancreatic nuclease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: trypsin. Trypsin is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that specifically breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. It works in the small intestine to continue the process of protein digestion. Pancreatic amylase (A) breaks down carbohydrates, sucrase (C) breaks down sucrose, and pancreatic nuclease (D) breaks down nucleic acids, not proteins. Therefore, trypsin is the only enzyme involved in the chemical digestion of protein among the choices provided.
Once chylomicrons leave the simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine, they diffuse into
- A. capillaries.
- B. lacteals.
- C. arterioles.
- D. venules.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: lacteals. Chylomicrons are too large to enter capillaries directly, so they are absorbed into lacteals, specialized lymphatic vessels in the small intestine. Lacteals transport chylomicrons to the lymphatic system, eventually reaching the bloodstream via the thoracic duct. Arterioles and venules are part of the blood circulation system and are not directly involved in chylomicron absorption.
How many teeth will be produced in an average lifetime?
- A. 20
- B. 32
- C. 30
- D. 52
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 32. An average adult human has 32 permanent teeth, including 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, and 12 molars. These teeth are developed during childhood and adolescence and are meant to last a lifetime, barring any dental issues. Option A (20) is too low for adult teeth count, C (30) is close but incorrect, and D (52) is too high and includes extra teeth, such as wisdom teeth which not everyone develops.
Which organ has the most metabolically active cells?
- A. pancreas
- B. liver
- C. stomach
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: liver. The liver has the most metabolically active cells due to its crucial role in various metabolic processes, such as detoxification, protein synthesis, and glucose metabolism. It is responsible for producing enzymes and metabolizing nutrients. The pancreas, stomach, and small intestine are important organs, but they are not as metabolically active as the liver. The pancreas primarily produces digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugar levels. The stomach digests food, and the small intestine absorbs nutrients. However, in terms of overall metabolic activity, the liver surpasses these organs.